Literature
Classification of phraseological units
Definition of phraseological units
Lexical and grammatical valency
Word-groups and phraseological units
Back-formation or reversion
Back-formation or reversion is a diachronic process denoting the derivation og new words by subtracting a real or supposed affix from existing words through misinterpretation of there structure. The process is based on analogy.
E.g. the words burglar, butler look very much like agent nouns with the suffix –er/-or such as actor or painter. The last syllable is therefore taken for a suffix and is subtracted from the word leaving what is understood as a verbal stem. In this way the verbs to burgle and to butle are formed.
Words put together to form lexical units make up phrases or word-groups. The main factors used to make up such collocations arelexical and grammatical valency of their components.
The aptness of a word to appear in various combinations is described as its lexical valency or collacability.
The aptness of a word to appear in specific grammatical structures is termed grammatical valency.
Phraseological unitsor set-phrasesare defined as non-motivated word-groups that cannot be freely made up in speech but are reproduced as ready-made units.
Word-groups may be described as lexically motivatedif the combined lexical meaning of the groups is deducible from the meaning of their components.
By the degree of idiomacity or lack of motivation phraseological units may be classified into three big groups: phraseological fusions or idioms, phraseological unities and phraseological collocations.
Phraseological fusions or idiomsare completely non-motivated word-groups in which idiomacity is combined with complete stability of their lexical components and grammatical structure.
Phraseological unities are partially non-motivated word-groups whose meaning can be perceived through the metaphoric meaning of the whole unit having a comparatively high degree of stability of the lexical components.
Phraseological collocations are motivated word-groups composed of words possessing specific lexical valency which accounts for a certain degree of stability of their components.
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