The morphological structure of words, their phonetic, structural and semantic characteristics;
Come true, Fall ill, Go wrong, Turn red,
Run dry ‘become smth’ (only verbs of motion are used) It is not poetry, but prose run mad.(A.Pope).
Syntactical context: “The house is gone. (absence)
You are not going to sit there saying nothing, are you?”
(an action in future)
“…how a novel that has now had a fairly long life, as novels go, has come to be written” (Maugham) (comparison with the average)
Frighten, amuse, awaken; say, talk, think (only with animate nouns(human subjects) - W.Chafe.
Lexicology and etymology
Brothers (family relationship);
Brethren (arch.) (members of the club or society);
Genius – geniuses (of exceptional intellect) – genii (evil or good spirit).
Arm – arms :‘To take arms against the sea of troubles’ – lexicalization: authorities, colours, customs, looks, manners, pictures, works.
Futurity: shall – will come, going to, future, tomorrow, by and by, time to come, hereafter;
Plurality: Houses, boys, books; crowd, party, company, group.
What you do is nothing to do with me, it doesn’t interest me.
Lexicology and Word Formation:
wooden (adj), strengthen (v), oxen(n), dis(s): ’Are you dissing me?’(disagreement, disillusion, distress); workaholic, computerholic, shopaholic, chocoholic, eco-friendly, jobhunt, WWW, etc.
The main branches of lexicology:
2. Etymology of words, the sources of borrowing. Whole – heal – hail (etymologicallyrelated) “unharmed, unwounded, made whole, heal’’ = hail! (Be healthy> call).
3. Semantic and thematic classification of the word stock. Say – talk – think (human being);awesome ’stunning’, cool(daring, clever, exiting, stylish, approval)
4. Word formation (post-impressionists) and phraseology (to take the bull by the horns, to see red, birds of a feather).
5. Stylistic differentiation of the vocabulary. brothers – brethren (arch.);
The theoretical problems of a word:
· the theory of meaning,
· semantic groups and fields,
· Functional differentiation of the vocabulary, etc.)
The paradigmatic relations (interdependence of words within a vocabulary) :
- synonymy,
- antonymy,
- hyponymy,
- functional styles:
head, chief, director;
work:: labour;
refuse:: reject:: decline;
busy – idle;
man:: chap:: guy:: bloke.
Miss, v.n. (homonyms)”not catch”, “a title for a girl”
Syntagmatic relations are based on linear character of speech (contextual, valency, distributional, transformational, etc. analysis) Ex.: A Farewell to Arms (arm-arms), the hat on her head, and the head of the department
Diachronic interdependence of words within the lexical subsystem:
harvest, v.n.-“ the gathering of grain”, “the season for reaping, autumn”
Autumne (Romance word)> “the season for reaping, autumn”