COMPUTER SECURITY

1.Computer Security techniques are being developed to protect single computers and network-linked computer systems from accidental or intentional harm, including destruction of computer hardware, loss of data, deliberate invasion of data by unauthorized individuals.

2. Computers and the information they contain*^9.3.2. are considered confidential systems because their use is typically restricted to a limited number of users.

3. A variety of simple techniques can prevent computer crime. For example, destroying printed information, protecting computers screens from observation, keeping printed information and computers in locked cabinets. But more sophisticated (зд.:сложные) methods are also necessary to prevent computer crimes:

4. One technique to prevent confidentiality is encryption. Information can be scrambled and unscrambled using mathematical equations and a secret code called a key. Two keys are usually employed, one to encode and the other to decode the information. The key that encodes the data, called the private key, is possessed by only the sender. The key that decodes the data, called the public key, may be possessed by several receivers. The keys are modified periodically.

5. Another technique to prevent computers crime is to limit access of computer data files to approved users. Access-control software verifies computer users and limits their privileges to view and alter files.

6. Passwords are confidential sequences of characters that give users access to computers. Password must be difficult to guess. Effective passwords contain a mixture of characters and symbols that are not real words.

7. Computer networks, multiple computers linked together, are particularly vulnerable to computer crimes. Information on networks can be protected by a firewall, a computer placed between the networked computers and the network. The firewall also ensures that information received from an outside source does not contain computer viruses.

X. Письменно озаглавьте 5 и 6 абзацы текста.

Вариант 4

I. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните причастие, определите его форму, функцию и переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.3., 7.3.1., 7.3.2., 7.3.2.1., 7.3.2.2., а также ccылки после *).

1. A graph is given showing the dependence of pressure on temperature.

2. The films*^11.8. used in our laboratory were mechanically strong.

3. Having evaluated the data we shall turn*^5.4. to their interpretation.

4. It is well known that a solid body emits light when heated to a high enough temperature

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение (см. грамм. справ.: 9.3.2.).

1. At the receivingend a photodetector produces an electrical signal in accordance with the variations of light it receives.

2. The capacity of a computer memory is the volume of data the memory unit can hold.

III. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните герундий и переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.2., 7.2.1., 7.2.2.).

1. Loading a motor always results in a reduction in speed.

2. We can increase the current by reducing the resistance of the circuit.

IV. Перепишите предложения, определите, является ли инфинитив подлежащим или обстоятельством цели, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.1., 7.1.1., 7.1.2.,а также ссылки после *).

1. To meet*^11.9 these extra demands for electrical power, the underground transformer capacities had to*^6.3.(3). be increased.

2. To convert an analog signal into digital form requires a process of sampling.

3. There are*^6.2.(6) a number of*^11.7. requirements to achieve the numerous advantages of digital representation of speech signals.

V. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив в функции определения, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.1.2.1.).

1. The computer to be made will have a cycle time (время выполнения одной операции) of two nanoseconds.

2. The primary factors to be considered are signals power and noise power.

VI. Перепишите предложения, содержащие конструкции сложное дополнение и сложное подлежащее (см. грамм. справ.: 8., 8.1., 8.2., а также ссылки после *). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Scientists believe the development of microminiature circuits to have a promising*^7.3.2.1.future.

2. The magnetic field causes these particles to develop tremendous speeds.

3. The air in the „standard“ atmosphere was assumed to be perfectly dry.

4. Ion rocket is likely to be used for space travel in future.

VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие условные придаточные предложения (см. грамм. справ.: 9.2.1., 9.3.1.).

1. The density of a body can be found, providing that its mass and volume are known.

2. If thin wires had been used in this installation, the wires would have

melted.

VIII . Определите значения английских слов, исходя из контекста

(см. грамм. справ.: 11.18.).

1. Связь должна be set должным образом.

2. Демокрит считал, that matter состоит из потока minute частиц, которые он назвал атомами.

IX. Прочтите и устно переведите текст, затем письменно переведите 1 и 3 абзацы текста.

ENERGY-CONVERTING PLASTIC FILM*^11.8.

1.More than 100 years ago, the French scientists Pierre and Jacques Curie observed that certain crystalline materials, such as quartz, produced an electrical charge when subjected to pressure. For decades*^11.8. thereafter (с этого времени) this reversible energy conversion phenomenon* ^2.2. known as piezoelectricity has found a number*^11.7. of limited applications in sonar and radio equipment, scientific instruments*^11.8. and, perhaps most familiarly, wristwatches (ручные часы).. Recently, piezoelectric properties have been designed into thin, pliable plastic films that resemble transparent kitchen wrapping material. The versatility of this material promises to open up a wide variety of new piezoelectric applications for consumer and industrial products.

2. One of the new piezoelectric films, developed*^7.3.2.2. over the last years is called Kynar Piezo Film. Though it`s lightweight and pliant, the material is actually^*11.8. a rugged engineering plastic that has been specifically treated to give it^*4.1. piezoelectric properties. As a replacement for electromagnetic switches, the piezoelectric film offers a number of advantages. It can be cut, bent and formed into almost any shape or size.

3. Currently, Kynar Piezo Film and others like it are finding applications in lightweight, miniature speakers and microphones for audio equipment and flat switches on office-equipment and control-panel keyboards. Kynar Piezo Film has another property that makes it unique: It is also pyroelectric, which means that it produces electrical current when exposed*^7.3.2.2. to heat. As such, it is ideal for use in security equipment such as fire detection.

4. Yet the greatest*^3.1. range of applications for piezoelectric films certainly lies ahead. Right now research is being conducted on the use of piezoelectric film as a tactile sensor for robots. Ultimately, the scientists say, piezoelectric film may be the key to providing a bionic sense of touch to artificial skin for humans.

X. Письменно озаглавьте 2 и 4 абзацы текста.

Вариант 5

I. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните причастие, определите его форму, функцию и переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.3., 7.3.1., 7.3.2., 7.3.2.1., 7.3.2.2.).

1. The transmitting aerial used in line-of-sight links needs to be very directional.

2. The transistor described in this chapter is called an «npn transistor».

3. Having divided the distance by the time which is required to cover it, we obtain the average speed of the car.

4. Subsequent observation showed a high degree of variability, indicating that the X-ray emission changes considerably throughout the sunspot cycle.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение (см. грамм. справ.: 9.3.2., а также ссылки после *).

1. The choice of a variable capacitor depends on the range of frequencies it is necessary to cover.

2. The most important*^3.1. effect the Moon has on the Earth is the production of tides.

III. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните герундий и переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.2., 7.2.1., 7.2.2., а также ссылки после *).

1. Translating from one language to another has been accomplished*^{5.5.1.,5.5.2.} by automatic computer.

2. A car is capable of accelerating to a speed of 100 km/h.

IV. Перепишите предложения, определите, является ли инфинитив подлежащим или обстоятельством цели, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.1., 7.1.1., 7.1.2.,а также ссылки после *).

1. To prevent the metal parts of cables from being corroded,*^{7.2.1.,7.2.2.}

various protecting materials are being widely used.*^5.5.1.

2. To connect two plates with copper wire means to form a path for electron flow.

3. At the receiver the pulses are detected and used to reconstruct the original*^11.8.wave.

V. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив в функции определения, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 7.1.2.1.. а также ссылки после *).

1. The generator to be connected to the bus must be in synchronism with the line.

2. There are*^6.2.(6). several measures to be provided for detecting and correcting errors in transmitted*^7.3.2.2.data.

VI. Перепишите предложения, содержащие конструкции сложное дополнение и сложное подлежащее (см. грамм. справ.: 8., 8.1., 8.2., а также ссылки после *). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. We assume the simple waveform to act on*^11.9. the antenna.

2. Electromotive force (emf) is the force or pressure that causes electric current to flow.

3. Communication is supposed to have no limits nowadays.

4. The transmission line appeared to be demagnetized.

VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие условные придаточные предложения (см. грамм. справ.: 9.2.1., 9.3.1., а также ссылки после *).

1. Unless the cathode is watercooled, it will overheat and emit gases.

2. If the acid were purified the reaction would take part.*^11.12.

VIII. Определите значения английских слов, исходя из контекста (см. грамм. справ.: 11.18.).

1. Информация is fed или выводится через input-output ports.

2. The challenge заключалась в том, чтобы провести опыт очень

осторожно.

IX. Прочтите и устно переведите текст, затем письменно переведите 1,2 и 3 абзацы текста.