HOW COMPUTERS WORK
1. A general purpose computer has four main sections: the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by busses, often made of groups of wires.
2.The control unit, ALU, registers, and basic I/O (and often other hardware closely linked with these) are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early СPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor.
3. The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) directs the various components of a computer. It reads and interprets (decodes) instructions in the program one by one. The control system decodes each instruction and turns it into a series of control signals that operate the other parts of the computer. Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of some instructions so as to improve performance.
4. The ALU is capable of performing two classes of operations: arithmetic and logic. The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to adding and subtracting or might*5.6.1. include multiplying or dividing, trigonometry functions and square roots. Superscalar computers may contain multiple (зд.: много) ALUs so that they can process several instructions at the same time.
5. Magnetic core memory was popular main memory for computers through the 1960s until*9.2.(1). it was completely replaced by semiconductor memory. A computer´s memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered „address“ and can store a single number. In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up (зд.: иметь целью) to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte). A computer can store any kind of information in memory as long as it can be somehow represented in numerical form.
X. Письменно озаглавьте 4 и 5 абзацы текста.
Вариант 4
I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание различные функции слов it, that (those), one (см. грамм. справ.: 4.1., 4.4., 4.3., а также ссылки после *).
1. It is also important to achieve as low noise as possible.
2. It is the solid state switch that has become a natural application for the transistor.
3. The atomic weight of oxygen is greater*3.1. than that of carbon.
4. One cannot well imagine a modern rocket or a satellite without a variety of transistors.
II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определительных блоков существительного с левым или правым определениями (см. грамм. справ.: 2.2., 2.3., 2.3.1.,а также ссылки после *).
1. Special signals are sent out by the television transmitter in addition to the picture impulses.
2. Low-energy radio waves are reflected and absorbed by the electrons and ions of the ionosphere.
3. Every computer now in existence must be told*5.5.3., 5.5.4. what to do.
III. Перепишите предложения, определите в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое, его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 5., 5.1., 5.2., 5.3., 5.4., 5.5., 5.5.1., 5.5.6., 11.13.).
1. Solar panels often power spacecraft.
2. In only a very short period of time computers have greatly changed the way in which many kinds of work are performed.
3. The problems of circuits will be dealt with from the point of view of radar engineering.
IV. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 5.6., 5.6.1., 5.6.3.2.,а также ссылки после *).
1. Any information may be represented by the binary system.
2. Heat losses should be reduced constantly and effectively.
3. Popov`s apparatus was so sensitive that it could pick up even the weakest*3.1. radio waves.
4. The device allows the characteristics of electrical signals to be displayed.*7.1.2.1.
V. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая различные функции глагола to be (см. грамм. справ.: 6., 6.1., 6.2., 5.6.3., 5.6.3.1., 5.5.1.).
1. There are always electrical discharges in the air.
2. The purpose of a huge solar collector is to convert solar energy into electrical
energy.
3. These sources are to be linked up into a single network.
4. Memory chips are being used in many modern handsets which now are beginning to be popular.
VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая различные функции глагола to have (см. грамм. справ.: 6., 6.1., 6.3., 5.6.3., 5.6.3.1., 5.5.1.).
1. Both microprocessors have a 128-bit data bus and up to 32KB of on-chip cache.
2. Popov has found practical application for Hertz`s great discovery.
3. Supercomputers have to operate like brain: all the computations proceed concurrently.
4. Multimeters have traditionally been used to measure voltage, current, and resistance.
VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод парных союзов и многозначность некоторых служебных слов (см. грамм. справ.: 3.5., 9.1.2., 9.2., 11.6., 11.7.,а также ссылки после *).
1. A bug is an error in either the syntax or the logic of a computer program.
2. Because of the very low density, it is difficult to measure directly the temperature of the upper atmosphere.
3. Since the end of World War II there has been*6.2.(6). a rapid development of jet engines.
VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод устойчивых сочетаний (см. грамм. справ.: 10., 10.1., 10.2., 10.3., 11.12.).
1. By means of the field rheostat the current in the field windings (зд.: обмотка возбуждения), and consequently the magnetic field and the electromotive force, may be regulated.
2. Until 1940, developments in electronics took place at a comparatively moderate space (зд.: в ограниченных областях).
IX. Прочтите и устно переведите тексты, затем письменно переведите второй из приведенных текстов.