Грамматические упражнения

 

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функции герундия.

 

1. A property particularly connected with concrete is shrinkage caused by loss of water after hardening.

2. Summer is good for building.

3. Because of the low tensile strength of concrete, shrinkage when restrained (сдерживать) leads to cracking.

4. The wet concrete can be transported to its final position on site by pumping.

5. More fluid concrete mixes are required for pumping.

6. No wet concrete, after being placed in its final position, should be at a temperature less than 5°C or 40°F.

7. The concrete must be prevented from drying out too fast because this may cause cracking.

8. A concrete structure may be constructed by casting the concrete in place on the site, by building it of elements cast in some other place or by a combination of the two.

9. With some types of precast concrete construction no time is lost in waiting for concrete to gain strength at one level of a structure before the next level can be placed.

10. Special admixtures make hardening faster.

 

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, определите время и залог глаголов.

 

1. Several techniques have been developed for placing the reinforcement as well as grouting.

2. Grouting is accomplished in full-storey height lifts.

3. The unreinforced wall possesses relatively little stability and therefore canbe easily knocked over when the floor slabs are being placed on it.

4. The grouting is stopped a short distance below the floor line, dowels areplaced in the grout space, and this space is solid grouted after the slabs have been positioned.

5. This procedure will provide for a continuous uniform bearing.

6. Other schemes involved the use of steel.

7. Such slabs do not require a topping.

8. A topping slab will be poured on top of the filler block to form the finished wearing surface of the tee shape and the floor diaphragm.

 

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию инфинитива.

 

1. To construct a grillage for equal load transmission in both directions involves considerable effort.

2. The structural steel floor comprises the floor slab and the beams to support it.

3. To achieve this, the supporting beams must be quite closely spaced.

4. Low temperatures decrease stretch of the fabric but make it easier for tears to develop.

5. Insulation, which is material with a very low U, is used to make the rate of heat flow as low as possible.

6. Steels which have higher carbon contents are more brittle at low temperatures and more difficult to weld.

7. To reduce the weight of the slab is the task of an engineer.

8. The type of concrete mix and the properties of the hardened concrete may be altered. To do that the proportions of the ingredients may be varied, the type of cement and aggregates may be altered and admixtures may be used.

 

Упражнение 4. Задайте пять разделительных и пять альтернативных вопросов к тексту А.