Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, определите форму и функцию причастия I.

1. Wall and column footings, consisting of concrete strips are the most common types of shallow foundations.

2. Concrete strips are poured directly on the ground supporting structural elements of the building.

3. Stresses acting on the cross-sectional area parallel to the direction of the force are called shear unit stresses.

4. The supporting members are glued-laminated timbers.

5. A steel rod having a cross section 0.5 in² can carry more than 40 men.

6. Foundations are elements affecting a transition between the building and the ground.

7. Builders producing concrete can pump, or spray it into all kinds of shapes.

8. Glass is a strong material in compression providing its full strength in tension.

9. A film or coating is usually applied to a fabric improving its properties.

10. Construction work in cast-in-place concrete may start almost immediately giving faster completion times.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите время и залог сказуемого.

1. Most foundations consist of some elements of concrete.

2. The two fundamental types of foundations were bearing foundations and deep foundations.

3. When not bearing on rock, piers are usually made wider at their ends.

4. Shallow foundation for the house is being built now.

5. Its mechanical properties are altered by the ground water.

6. Their strength will have been achieved by the end of the work.

7. The Romans used their hydraulic concrete to place very heavy foundations.

8. They are generally produced as sheet, partly because they can be easily changed in shape.

9. By that time the foundation will have been built.

10. In this way tall structures have been successfully built.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их заменители.

1. Occasionally, several structural elements of the building may be supported by a single large footing.

2. Cast-in-place reinforced concrete is able to be applied to non-standard areas and shapes.

3. In order to obtain good strength and durability in the long term, concrete must be allowed to cure.

4. After it is placed in its final position, no wet concrete should be at a temperature less than 5°C or 40°F.

5. This period of time is necessary because concrete should gain sufficient strength before it has to support itself.

6. A thin wall is difficult to concrete if it must be cast vertically because the concrete has to be placed in the narrow opening at the top of the form.

7. These laminations can be used straight in columns or beams and can be bent to form arches.

8. This may require going all the way down to bedrock.

9. Wall footings are to consist of concrete strips and pads poured directly on the ground.

10. Piles may also be simply driven until their surfaces develop sufficient skin friction with the soil.

Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию “it”.

1. Engineers don’t design to stress a material to the point where it will fail.

2. We obtained unit stress by dividing the force by the area on which it acts and show it as pounds per square inch.

3. It is important to know the nature of the ground.

4. It is a mixture of limestone and clay.

5. Sometimes it becomes necessary to utilize the strength of the bedrock.

6. Concrete has many characteristics that make it a constructional material.