- First of all, this ordinary knowledge as primary generalisation of direct political experience. Presently it is reflected in a press, performances and memoirs of politicians, in reasonings of political commentators etc.;

- Other level is presented diverse, created basically the separate prophets, wise men, legalists, thinkers by political doctrines through which transition from myths and mythological knowledge to dogmatic knowledge - systematised enough was carried out, but to the noncritical description of those or other beliefs and законоучений. The big validity of knowledge of the politician here is reached at the expense of them догматизации, that is transformations into the indisputable true recognised without proofs, and also restrictions of the subject of judgement. Over a policy and people operating in this sphere in that case there is a certain law - divine or human, - which defines rules of political behaviour. Examples of such knowledge in the modern policy - various ideologies (the visible French political scientist and sociologist Rajmon Aron (1905-1983)named their doctrines taking in a shower of the person a place of belief and aspiring in any form of a social order “to rescue mankind”);

- Transition to the following level of knowledge - to knowledge critical, - is connected with searches of sense and logic in the policy. The important role in this process was executed by Nikolo Makiavelli (1469-1527) and great humanists of Renaissance. They have opposed to dogma practical experience, having created preconditions of occurrence of a political science (or that same - political science).

II. The Political science has grown from rationalisation (rationality [from an armour. rationalis - reasonable] - reasonable validity, expediency; the generalised characteristic of public activity and behaviour of the person, based on its purposeful activity and effective achievement of objects in view) ordinary and dogmatic knowledge of the politician. Great products of religious, philosophical and political thought served as that intellectual environment out of which this science could not develop. For this reason studying of history of political thought makes an important and integral direction of political science. At all magnificence of known monuments of the Chinese, Indian, Near-Eastern and Far East philosophising in sphere of a policy and volume that works of ancient Greeks of Platon (427-347 BC) and its pupil Aristotle(384-322 BC), Roman Tsitserona (106-43 BC) Allow to consider them as forerunners of a political science, nevertheless it is possible to assert that bases of modern political science were put approximately from the middle of XIII century and in the Western Europe.

Here scholasticism (from гр. scholastikos - school, educational) - the medieval philosophical current which representatives aspired to prove and systematise rationally Christian dogma to connect is divine-dogmatic knowledge with a rationalistic technique, - gradually created the bases for occurrence at the European universities of new forms of learning. Among them there were also disciplines which were called:

- ars politica - political art (the term belonged to the German philosopher and theologian Albert Velikomu, nearby 1193-1280);

- scientia politica - a political science (the author of the term - the monk-Dominican subsequently canonised, Foma Akvinsky, 1226-1274);

- sanctissima civilis scientia - божественнейшая a civil science (the authorship of the term is attributed to German writer-humanist Sebastjanu Brantu, 1448-1521) etc.

The first lifting of a political science has had on a XVI-XVII-th century. At this time there were works of great Italian Nikolo Makiavelli(1469-1527),Six books about republic ”theFrench philosopher and politician Jean Bodena (1520-1596)have been written“,works of the Dutch lawyer, the historian and diplomat Gugo Grotsija (1583-1645), theBelgian scientist and writer Justa Lipsija(1547-1606),German jurist Samuelja Pufendorfa(1632-1694)are published.Efforts of these thinkers in the systematised kind had been considered for the first time a policy as sphere of human activity. Already in the XVII-th century beginning specialised chairs of political knowledge at universities of the Netherlands and Sweden have been opened. The science was extended in German universities during the same time about political благочинии ”, later developed in the doctrine about the state administration“. Insufficient criticality of early approaches to policy studying has led to that political researches have fallen under aspiration of theorists of an epoch of Education to create a universal science about the person and a society. In a XIX-th century this project have tried to continue Ogjust Kont (1798-1857) in the concept of the general sociology andCharles Marx (1818-1883) who in the doctrine insisted on merge in a single whole of philosophy, economy and sociology.

III. Formation of a political science as independent sphere of researches and teaching has begun in second half of XIX-th century. At this time university divisions государствоведения and politicians were created by joint efforts of historians, lawyers, the philosophers specialising on a political problematics. On attempts of creation of universal public theories the scientists who were engaged in political sphere, have answered with special attention to empirical methodology (from гр. еmpeiria - experience) that was reflected in the most detailed descriptions of various types of the states, the forms of government, other phenomena of political life (Teodor Vulsi [1801-1889], Vudro Wilson [1856-1924], Wilhelm Rosher [1817-1894]), Boris Nikolaevich Tchitcherin [1828-1904], etc.) . Their explanation of the political phenomena and processes started with concrete cultural and historic facts and factors at a known inattention to the nature of the person and a society as a whole. The priority thus starts to be given political компаративистике (from an armour. comparativus - comparative). It did political science more susceptible to complexity and variety of norms, values, institutes and social structures and to interrelation of various forms of political behaviour of people and political organisms, which as modern American political scientist David Apter (believes a sort. 1924), “can mean absolutely other for on whom they extend”. The comparative scientific material got special value because in research process joined invariably inherent in political science of each country a problematics of the theory and practice of national political system. John Stewart Mill (1806-1873) and its followers considered a comparative method in society knowledge to corresponding experimental experiences in natural sciences. On this base the further progress of a political science has been reached.

At the oldest Swedish university Uppsala the policy as the subject matter began to get scientific character since 1840th years. The Catholic university of Dublin (Ireland) in 1855 has formed chair of a social and political science. Approximately in 1870th in Oxford (Great Britain) and the Parisian university began to read special courses on the politician. Behind ocean Frensisom Liberom in the Colombian college in 1857 the separate chairon history and a political science has been created, and in 1863 at Kornelsky university the faculty of history, a social and political science has been opened already. In 1870th years in this country specialisation of post-graduate students in political researches begins. In Russia the academic tradition of studying of a policy too arises in second half of XIX-th century, in great reforms. It is possible to consider as the first Russian actually political researches such works, as “History of political doctrines” (it is published in 1869) B.Н. Tchitcherin, ”the Policy as a science” (1872) A.I.Stronina, “the Istoriko-comparative method in jurisprudence and receptions of studying of history of the right” (1880) M.M.Kovalevsky (1851-1916). Development of early Russian political science occurred on the basis of comparative approaches, but also experts in area of history of a policy and the right, the lawyers who were taking up the problems of the state most advantageously worked.

IV. The stage of development of a political science begins With the first quarter of XX century modern, proceeding and until now. The basic contribution to development of modern political science was brought by the western theorists: Tolkott Parsons (1902-1979), David Iston (a sort. 1917), Ralf Darendorf (a sort. 1929), Moris Djuverzhe (a sort. 1917), Robert Dal (a sort. 1915), Gabriel Almond (a sort. 1911), Stephen Verba (a sort. 1932), etc. the Modern political science - авторитетнейшая the academic discipline, In the world operates the International association of political scientists (IPSA) which regularly spends scientific conferences and symposiums. Opinions of professional political scientists-analysts began to be considered by working out and acceptance of the major decisions in all states and the international organisations. Development of a modern political science can be divided into three stages:

1) the formation period (second half XIX century - the end of 40th years ХХ century) when the main attention was given to research of problems of the political power and its social bases;

2) the period of active expansion of spheres of politological researches after creation in 1949 of the International association of a political science (the end 40 - second half 70th ХХ centuries);

3) the period of search of new paradigms of development of a political science (the XX-th century end on the present), characteristic promotion adequate to a current state of a human society of models and concepts of the power and political relations.

V. Especially quickly and fruitfully the political science developed in second half ХХ of century. Also it has been connected basically with two main circumstances:

Many scientific steels to differentiate understanding of political science in wide and narrower sense of a word. In the first case this science appears as all system of scientific knowledge of the politician, set of all political disciplines, including political philosophy, political sociology, political anthropology, the state and right theory, geopolitics, political psychology. In the second case it is a question of political science as one of the political sciences, the policy creating the theory, the political phenomena, relations and processes, and also studying universal forms of display of a policy in various conditions of the different countries and the people. The political science in the latter case appears as a science about the general principles and laws of political life of a society and their specific display, about ways, forms and methods of their realisation to activity of subjects of a policy.