Past Simple и Past Perfect

Past Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, которое уже совершилось до определенного момента в прошлом:

We carefully examined the samples which they had sentus.

Сравните, как меняется смысл предложения при описании с использованием этих времен последовательности событий в прошлом:

When we arrivedat the stadium, the matchstarted(Мы успели вовремя и ничего не пропустили).

When we arrived at the stadium, the match had started(На самое начало матча мы опоздали).

Упр.5.7.1. В каждом предложении поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужном по контексту времени: один – в Past Simple, другой – в Past Perfect.

Пример: He died (die) after he had been (be) ill for a long time.

a. I ____________ (thank) her for everything she __________ (do).

b. When I got to the office, I _________ (realize) that I _________ (forget) to lock the front door.

c. When they _______ (finish) their work, they _________ (go) home.

d. I _______ (call) you at 8.00, but you _______ just __________ (go) out.

e. I took my family to Paris last year. I _____________ (be) there as a student, so I ___________ (know) my way around.

f. When I _________ (listen) to the news, I ______ (go) to bed.

Упр.5.7.2. Соедините следующие пары предложений, используя союзы в скобках. Замените время одного из глаголов на Past Perfect.

Пример: I had a bath. I went to bed.(after) After I'd hada bath, I went to bed.

a. I read the letter. I threw it away. (when)

b. He passed his driving test. He bought a car. (as soon as)

c. I took the book back to the library. I finished reading it. (when)

d. I didn't go to bed. I did my homework. (until)

e. I spent all my money. I went home. (when)

f. I read the book. I saw the film. (before)

g. Her children left home. She started writing. (after)

Упр.5.7.3. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в Past Simple или Past Perfect.

Пример: When we returned to the car we saw (saw) that someone had smashed (smash) the windows.

a. I ________ (realise) I __________ (lose) my purse when I opened my bag.

b. He ________ (lose) the squash game because he _________ (never / play) squash before in his life.

c. David ____________ (buy) his ticket the week before, so I don’t understand why he ___________ (try) to get in without paying.

d. By the time she __________ (be) eighteen she ___________ (visit) nearly every capital city in the world.

e. Paula ________(drop) the cup she was holding and ________ (burst) into tears.

f. Why _____________ (you / not speak) to Jim at the meeting yesterday? Because he _______________ (leave) by the time I got there.

g. Sally was upset when _________ (you / not / eat) any of her birthday cake. I _______ (not / can) help it. I __________ (just / eat) a huge meal.

h. You _______________ (look) happy when you were talking to Jackie last night. Yes. I _________________ (not / see) her for six years.

i. “It _________ (take) nearly four hours to drive to the garden party, and when we ____________ (get) there they ____________ (refuse) to let us in!”
“Why?”
“Because we _______________(forget) to bring our invitations.”

j. Johnny ___________ (spend) seven years of his life in prison before he ______ (realise) that the things he _______ (do) to get there were wrong. He _______ (rob) banks, he _______ (burgle) houses, he ________ (steal) cars. But, fortunately, he ___________ (never / kill) anyone.

Упр.5.7.4. Закончите второе предложение так, чтобы у него было значение, подобное первому. Используйте выделенное слово и от двух до пяти других необходимых слов.

a. Barry was very excited because it was his first time on television. never

Barry _______________ before, so he was very excited.

b. The children ran over the bridge to see the fire engine, but it was no longer there.

had The fire engine __________ time the children ran over the bridge.

c. He looked familiar to me, but in fact he was a complete stranger.met

Although he looked familiar to me, I ___________________ before.

d. After they had had the contract read by a lawyer, they signed it.before

They had the contract read by a lawyer _________________ it.

e. Staying in a five-star hotel was a new experience for us. stayed

We __________________ in a five-star hotel before.

f. They arrived at the cinema just in time to see "The End" come up on the screen.

just The film ________________ by the time they arrived at the cinema.

g. He had to write over fifty letters to get an interview. had

He got an interview only after ___________________ over fifty letters.

h. She left the office after turning off all the lights.turned

After __________________ all the lights, she left the office.

i. When we arrived at the house, Dan had just left.soon

Dan left the house and __________________ after.

j. I checked that I had my passport with me before I left for the airport.after

I left for the airport ________________ that I had my passport with me.

Упр.5.7.5. Закончите следующие предложения или добавьте свое, используя глагол в Past Perfect.

Пример: When I arrived home, I was starving. I hadn't had anything to eat all day.

a. Tom was furious with Alice because she ______________________.

b. James inherited a small fortune from his father, but a year later he didn't have a penny. __________________.

c. She was fined $ 200 because she ____________________.

d. When I saw him, he was pale and shaking like a leaf. ______________.

e. He was two hours late for the wedding because ______________.

f. I didn't know her name, but the face was familiar. I was sure __________.

g. I couldn't answer any of the exam questions, although __________.

h. James was very proud of his eighteen-year-old son, who _________.

Упр.5.7.6. Выберите правильный вариант из каждой пары.

Пример: Everybody knew he had stolen / had been stealingfrom his employer for years.

a. I knew the facts of the case because I had read / had been reading the report.

b. My eyes ached because I had read / had been reading for three hours.

c. The children were filthy. They had played / had been playing in the garden, and they were covered in mud.

d. I was very nervous at the beginning of the match. I had never played/ had never been playing with her before, and I didn't know how good she was.

e. Donald excelled himself as a cook. He had cooked / had been cooking a wonderful Spanish dish.

f. Donald was very cross. He had worked/ had been working in the kitchen all morning, and none had offered to help.

Упр.5.7.7. Составьте предложения, используя слова в скобках. Используйте следующие глагольные времена: Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous.

Пример: Ann is sitting on the ground. She's out of breath. (she / run) She has been running.

a. Where's my bag? I left it under this chair. (somebody / take / it)

b. We were all surprised when Jenny and Andy got married last year. (they / only / know / each other / a few weeks)

c. It's still raining. I wish it would stop. (it / rain / all day)

d. Suddenly I woke up. I was confused and didn't know where I was. (I / dream)

e. I wasn't hungry at lunchtime so I didn't have anything to eat. (I / have / a big breakfast)

f. Every year Bob and Alice spend a few days at the same hotel by the sea. (they / go / there for years)

g. I've got a headache. (I / have / it / since I got up)

h. Next week Gerry is going to run in a marathon. ( he / train / very hard for it)

5.8. "Used to" и "would" для выражения повторяющегося действия или обычного состояния в прошлом

Used to используется, чтобы выразить обычные, повторяющиеся прошедшие действия и состояния, которые продолжались в течение некоторого периода времени в прошлом, но в настоящее время уже не происходят.

Примеры: Last winter I used to spend a lot of time in the library. (повторяющееся действие)

He used to be very short-tempered. (состояние)

Wouldупотребляется со всеми лицами единственного и множественного числа для выражения повторного действия в прошлом в значении бывало, при этом употребление would не подчеркивает, что в настоящее время действие уже не происходит.Would нельзя использовать, чтобы передать прошлые состояния. (Неправильно сказать: *He'd live in a lovely cottage).

Если действие в прошлом совершилось лишь раз, и, следовательно, не является привычкой, нужно использовать Past Simple.

Упр.5.8.1. Соедините строчки из колонки А и В. Закончите предложение в колонке В, употребляя used to для выражения повторяющихся действий или обычного состояния в прошлом.

Пример: d-1, It used to follow me everywhere.

Упр.5.8.2. Составьте предложения с used to. Обратите внимание на образование отрицательной конструкции didn't use to.

Пример: This town's so ugly. It used to be so pretty.

There are so many tourists. There didn't use to be any tourists.

a. The houses are very expensive.

b. The streets are dirty.

c. There is so much litter on the streets.

d. The car parks are always full.

e. There is a lot of traffic on the roads.

f. It's noisy at night.

g. Andy's changed! He's so miserable!

h. And he's really mean.

i. He's badly-dressed.

Упр.5.8.3. Составьте краткие ответы сnever used to, и скажите , что на самом деле имело место в прошлом.

Пример: Jeremy drinks beer and whisky. (lemonade)

He never used to. He used to drink lemonade.

a. Henry drives like a maniac. (carefully)

b. Tessa spends a fortune on clothes! (very careful with her money)

c. The children fight a lot these days. (get on well)

d. I think Kate tells lies. (tell the truth)

e. Margaret gets up at 11.00. (the first one up in the morning)

f. The tape recorder keeps stopping. (work perfectly)

Упр.5.8.4. Употребите глагол в скобках в нужном по контексту времени (Past Continuous или used to…).

Пример: I haven't been to the cinema for ages now. We used to go a lot. (go)

Ann didn't see me wave to her. She was looking in the other direction. (look)

a. I ___________ a lot but I don't use my car very much these days. (drive)

b. I asked the driver to slow down. She _______________ too fast. (drive)

c. Rose and Jim met for the first time when they ______ at university. (study)

d. When I was a child, I ______________ a lot of bad dreams. (have)

e. When the phone rang, I __________________ a shower. (have)

f. "Where were you yesterday afternoon?" " I _________ volleyball." (play)

g. "Do you do any sports?" "Not these days. I _________ volleyball." (play)

h. George looked very nice. He _______________ a very nice suit. (wear)

Упр.5.8.5.Заполните пропуски требуемой по контексту формой used to:

утвердительной, вопросительной или отрицательной.

a. There _______ be a beautiful old building where that car park is now.

b. __________ have a Saturday job when you were at school?

c. She ________ be so moody. It’s only since she lost her job.

d. __________ play cricket when you were at school?

e. My grandfather never ___________ get so out of breath when he climbed the stairs.

f. Julie __________ be as slim as she is now. She’s been dieting.

g. Where ____________ go out to eat when you lived in Madrid?

h. ___________ smoke 60 cigarettes a day? How did you give up?

* Упр.5.8.6.Выберите вариант ответа, который вы считаете правильным. Иногда правильными могут быть несколько вариантов.

1. We ________ Auntie Jean every time we went to London.

A visited B used to visit C would visit

2. I __________ long blonde hair when I was first married.

A had B used to have C would have

3. Pam ___________ out with Andy for six months but then she ditched him.

A went B used to go C would go

4. We ____________ coffee and croissants every morning for breakfast.

A had B used to have C would have

5. We __________ to each other every day when we apart.

A wrote B used to write C would write

6. He ___________ to me for 25 years and then stopped.

A wrote B used to write C would write

7. In the old days people __________ you if you were in trouble.

A helped B used to help C would help

8. I ___________ living so close to the sea.

A loved B used to love C would love

9. Dave _________ Molly three times if she wanted to go out with him.

A asked B used to ask C would ask

10. I ___________ questions in class. I was too shy.

A never asked B never used to ask C would never ask