While-Reading

Before-Reading

BUILDING MATERIALS

Exercise 6. Put in much, many, little, few, a little или a few.

Exercise 5. Translate into English

Немного денег, мало денег, несколько стульев, мало стульев, несколько песен, мало песен, немного веселья, мало веселья, мало мальчиков, немного воды, несколько человек, мало воды, мало воздуха, мало столов, несколько минут, несколько кошек, мало травы, немного удачи, несколько дней, мало работы, немного соли, несколько ложек, мало света, мало окон, несколько машин, немного сахару, мало яиц, мало сыра.

 

1.When we walked ... farther down the road, we met another group of students. 2. Have you got ... ink in your pen? 3. At the conference we met... people whom we knew well. 4. There are very ... old houses left in our street. Most of them have already been pulled down. 5. If you have ... spare time, look through this book. You will find ... stories there which are rather interesting. 6. There are ... things here which I cannot understand. 7. Shall I bring ... more chalk? — No, thank you. There is ... chalk on the desk. I hope that will be enough for our lesson. 8. He had ... English books at home, so he had to go to the library for more books. 9. She gave him ... water to wash his hands and face. 10. I'd like to say ... words about my journey. 11.After the play everybody felt... tired. 12. Let's stay here ... longer: it is such a nice place. 13.There were ... new words in the text, and Peter spent ... time learning them. 14. There was ... hay in the barn, and the children could not play there. 15. There was ... water in the river, and they decided to cross it. 16. My mother knows German ... and she can help you with the translation of this letter.

 

 

Unit10

1. Discuss the following:

* What are building materials?

* What building materials do you know?

2. Make up your own sentences with the following words:

Building materials(строительные материалы), loads(грузы), building components(строительные компоненты), Rod materials(материалы из прутьев), sheet material(листовой материал).

1. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think of a good title for it.

Compare it with other students9 titles.

We have mentioned about building materials as one of the components of building. It is high time to tell about them. It is important for an engineer to know that all building materials are used in two basic ways. In the first way they are used to support the loads on a building and in the second way they are used to divide the space in a building. But it is more important to realize that building components are made from building materials. At the same

time the form of a component is related to the way in which it is used. We can see how this works by considering three different types of any construction:

1. The first type of a construction is made of building materials such as a brick, a stone or concrete. They are called blocks. The blocks arc put together to form solid walls. These materials are heavy. They can support the structural loads because they have the property of high compressive strength. At the same time the walls made up of blocks support the building and divide the space in the building.

2. The second type of a construction is made of sheet materials. They are used to form walls which act as both space-dividers and structural support. Timber, concrete and some plastics can be made into large rigid sheets and fixed together to form a building. Such kind of buildings is lighter and faster to construct than a building made up of blocks.

3. The third type of a construction is made of rod materials. They can be used for structural support but not for dividing spaces. There timber, steel and concrete can be formed into rods. Usually rod materials are used as columns because of high tensile and compressive strength. On the other hand, they can be fixed together to form framed structures. The spaces between the rods can be filled with light sheet materials which act as space dividers but do not support structural loads.

2. Read the text again and translate it.

4. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:

* Rod materials can be used for both dividing space and supporting the building.

* The blocks arc put together to form solid walls.

* Concrete can be used as a block material, a sheet material and a rod material.

* Steel is used for frame construction because it has high tensile strength and low compressive strength.

* There timber, steel and concrete can be formed into rods.

* The sheet materials, which act as space dividers in a frame construction building, can be very light because they do not support structural loads.

* The second type of a construction is made of sheet materials.

5. Copy and complete this table by putting ticks in the boxes to show the functions of the components:

  Function of components    
Form of material Structural support only Space diving only Both structural support and space diving
Blocks      
Sheets      
Rods