GRAMMAR

III. Answer the questions.

Building mechanisms

Building Mechanisms

I. Readand translate the text "Building mechanisms"

There are many types of building mechanisms, but the most important

i are mixers, earth-moving machmery, and tower cranes. Mixers are the

' most important items of the concrete products industries. Usually both

batch and continuous mixers are used. A_r given charge of materials is

placed in the batch mixer, mixed and discharged before the next material

is added. Batch mixers are manufactured in a wide range of sizes and

with various combinations of mechanical features. In continuous mixers,

the proportioned materials are introduced in intervals.

It is not impossible to start on a construction job without a good deal of

w*preliminary leveling the site. To carry out this work must employ the

earth moving machinery. Site preparation and excavation are the most

fully mechanized of all the operations in building construction. Most

excavating machinery is slow moving and heavy andmust be carried

from site to site on special transporters.

Tower cranes are considered to be a comparatively recent innovation and have already proved their worth. They consist of vertical mast--"⁰?** «t structure mounted on a wheeled chassis. The wheeled chassis is self­-propelled on railway track, o"-^ - х*-*е*

Almost everybody saw the construction of a building and followed its progress with interest. First the excavation is dig for the basement, andthen the foundation walls below ground level are constructed; after this framework is erected and clothed with various finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint.

II.Give translation of the following words and phrases:

Mixer (n), earth-moving machinery, tower crane (n), concrete products industry, batch and continuous mixers, to mix and discharge (v), to manufacture (v), mechanical feature, proportioned materials areintroduced in intervals, construction job, preliminary leveling the site, to carry out (v), site preparation and excavation, excavating machinery, vertical mast structure mounted on a wheeled chassis, self-propelled (adj), railway track.

1. What are the most important types of building mechanisms?

2. What is the most important item of the concrete products industries?

Неопределенные местоимения «много, мало, немного, несколько». Pronouns many, few, a few, much, little, a little.

К неопределенным местоимениям относятся также: all, every, neither, both, none, much, many, little, few.

Местоимения few, a little, much, many могут употребляться вместо some.

Have you any flowers? – I have some (a few) flowers (исчисляемые существительные).

Have you any milk? – I have some (a little) milk in the bottle (неисчисляемые существительные).

Местоимения many, few, a few употребляются с исчисляемыми существительными much, little, a little – с неисчисляемыми.

Many students took part in the conference. – Mного студентов приняло участие в конференции.

I have little time left. – У меня осталось мало времени.

Сочетание «a few» означает «несколько» и употребляется только с исчисляемыми существительными, с неисчисляемыми существительными употребляется сочетание «a little», которое означает «немного».

Will you give me a little water? Не дадите ли вы мне немного воды?

I bought a few apples. Я купил немного (несколько) яблок.

Местоимения “a few, a little” означают «немного, но достаточно», а местоимения «few, little» - “мало”.

Сравните:

I know little about painting. Я мало знаю о живописи.

I know a little about painting. Я кое-что знаю о живописи.

There are few flowers in my garden. В моем саду мало (почти нет) цветов.

There are a few flowers in my garden. В моем саду есть немного цветов.

С неисчисляемыми существительными: much, little, a little.

С исчисляемыми существительными: many, few, a few.