Грамматический справочник 1 страница

БЛОК 8

БЛОК 7

* Грамматика: The Infinitive

* Cловообразование

* Текст: Some Facts About The United Kingdom

Раздел 7.1.

7.1.1. Прочитайте данные предложения, в которых инфинитив выполняет функцию подлежащего. Переведите предложения на русский язык

To wait for them any longer is useless.

To say this is to say nothing.

Not to be able to use a computer nowadays is practically to be illiterate.

To pass this exam was rather difficult.

To walk such a long distance will take much time.

To apply for this job will be useless.

7.1.2. Прочитайте данные предложения, в которых инфинитив выполняет функцию именной части составного именного сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Her desire is to go to Italy in autumn.

2. Your duty is to keep all these things in order.

3/ Manager’s responsibility is to control the activity of people.

4. Her advice was to take medicine.

5. His main idea was to carry out an experiment.

6. They have no desire to show me round the town.

7.1.3. Прочитайте данные предложения, в которых инфинитив является частью составного глагольного сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. You can buy a good pair of shoes in this department store.

2. He may ask me this question.

3. They must do this work at once.

4. She decided not to apply for this job.

5. He hoped to be responsible for the project.

6. The English like to arrange armchairs around the fire.

7.1.4. Прочитайте данные предложения, в которых инфинитив выполняет функцию прямого дополнения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

They told her not to go out at night in the city.

I ask you to water the flowers every day.

My friend advised me not to plant the roses so early.

Her dad told her to see the guests off.

I ask you to be careful while crossing the street.

The professor advised her to refer to this book.

7.1.5. Прочитайте данные предложения, в которых инфинитив выполняет функцию определения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

You have no reason to put off your business trip.

The businessmen have no intention to sign the contract.

.My cousin has got a desire to buy a modern cottage.

She has bought a pair of shoes to match her cloths.

He is the very man to do it.

He is always the first to pass the exams.

7.1.6. Прочитайте данные предложения, в которых инфинитив выполняет функцию обстоятельства. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

They went to the shop to buy some bread.

She will stay a bit longer to help you.

The tourists hurried up to visit the museum.

I will do it at once in order not to forget it.

It was too late to go there.

The weather was too cold to go for a walk.

7.1.7. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Плавать в море очень приятно. 2. Моя задача – сделать эту работу хорошо. 3. Он может задать вам этот вопрос. 4. Вы должны работать. 5. Я надеюсь увидеть их сегодня вечером. 6. Он велел мне забыть об этом. 7. У него нет желания идти туда так поздно. 8. Он всегда приходит последним. 9.Прочитайте текст ещё раз, чтобы лучше его понять. 10. Смотрите фильмы на английском языке, чтобы улучшить своё произношение. 11. Кто любит работать в саду, чтобы отдохнуть после работы? 12. Я попросил его посмотреть перевод ещё раз, чтобы исправить все ошибки.

7.1.8. Прочитайте предложения, найдите инфинитив и определите его форму.

Образец:

1. He was happy to have been invited to this party. 2. She deserves to be awarded. 3. The old lady refused to be taken to the hospital. 4. She seems to have been reading since early morning. 5. He now regrets to have said it. 6. They seem to be working hard. 7. The students were happy to have been sent to London. 8. He promised to be careful. 9. John failed to pass his last exam. 10. I remember to have seen this film before.

7.1.9. Переведите данные предложения на английский язык.

1. Легче все начать заново. 2. Лучше узнавать страну, путешествуя по ней.

3. Преподаватель обещал ответить на все интересующие нас вопросы. 4.Нам удалось достать билеты на 2х-часовой поезд. 5. Мы решили пойти домой пешком. 6. Мы договорились встретиться у института. 7. Почему они отказались принять участие в конкурсе?. 8. Не трудно научиться пользоваться этим прибором. 9. Некоторым студентам не удалось сдать экзамен. 10. Друзья предложили нам остановиться у них. 11. Лучшие студенты заслужили поездку на практику за границу. 12. Он отказался от приглашения на конференцию.

7.1.10. Прочитайте предложения, содержащие оборот “for + существительное (или местоимение) + инфинитив”. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. It is easy for him to agree. 2. It is necessary for you to come there in time. 3/It is difficult for the boy to read this book. 4. The text was too difficult for the students to translate. 5. It’s no use for her to apply for this job. 6. It was late for the children to go for a walk,

7.1.11. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Тебе необходимо отдохнуть. 2. Погода слишком холодная, чтобы дети шли на прогулку. 3. Ему было трудно выполнить эту работу. 4. Ей бесполезно сейчас идти туда. 5. Им интересно много путешествовать. 6. Управляющим будет трудно согласиться на это предложение. 7. Это вы должны решить. 8. Вам будет интересно сходить в этот музей. 9. Вам будет скучно слушать этот доклад. 10. Ей будет полезно сделать эту работу самостоятельно.

7.1.12. Прочитайте предложения, содержащие оборот «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» (Complex Object). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. We knew him to speak English well. 2. I would like you to help me. 3. He wanted them to discuss this matter. 4. I wanted them to hurry up. 5. We expected the train to arrive in time. 6. I would like her to move closer to be able to hear the speaker better. 7. He would like us to tell about popular destinations in this country. 8. The buyers expect the contract to be signed soon. 9. They wanted me to book accommodation in this hotel. 10. I expected them to give me a discount.

7.1.13. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя оборот «объектный падеж с инфинитивом».

1. Я хочу, чтобы вы послушали эту музыку. 2. Он хотел, чтобы мы рассказали тебе новости. 3. Они не хотели, чтобы мы узнали об этом. 4. Я бы хотела, чтобы они не опаздывали на занятия. 5. Дети хотели бы, чтобы каникулы продолжались долго. 6. Управляющие хотели бы, чтобы машины были куплены на следующей неделе. 7. Мы ожидаем, что они проинформируют нас вскоре. 8. Журналисты ожидали, что певица даст интервью после концерта. 9. Мы рассчитывали, что продавец даст нам скидку. 10. Мы рассчитывали, что наши друзья арендуют машину. 11. Я знаю, что он знаменитый актёр. 12. Они знали, что я опоздаю к обеду.

7.1.14. Прочитайте предложения, содержащие оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом» (Complex Subject), определите форму инфинитива. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. He is said to live in London. 2. They are believed to have left for France. 3. The Moscow State University is known to be founded in 1755. 4. He is said to have been writing this novel for three years. 5. She seems to know him well. 6. They seem not to believe him. 7 He is likely to be late. 8 She is unlikely to do it well. 9. They are sure to come in time. 10. You are sure to know her well.

7.1.15. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Говорят, что она живет в Париже. 2. Известно, что Петербург основан в 1703 году. 3. Полагают, что он уже приехал в Лондон. 4. Говорят, что эта компания строит хорошие дома. 5. Кажется, она знает этот предмет хорошо. 6. Кажется, он согласится на моё предложение. 7. Вероятно, что они купят эти станки. 8. Вряд ли они придут к обеду. 9. Тебя непременно спросят об этом. 10. Мы непременно встретим его на вокзале.

7.1.16. Заполните строки словами, имеющими общий корень.

7.1.17. Отработайте произношение данных слов, уточнив их транскрипцию по словарю.

7.1.18. Переведите данные словосочетания на русский язык.

The first thing to note, official circles, bad taste, in ordinary life, renowned nations, spiritual independence, a noticeable rise, obvious example, fight for freedom, to know for certain, completely pointless, an abundance of fish and fowl, a Heaven on earth, an entire world, a circle of friends.

7.1.19. Просмотрите данный текст и дайте ответы на вопросы:

“What constitutes the United Kingdom?”

“What peoples inhabit the United Kingdom?”

“What is the ideal of the English?”

SOME FACTS ABOUT THE UNITED KINGDOM

England as a unified state , is unique and paradoxical. The first thing to note is that the country does not have one fixed name. When you put Great Britain and the Northen Ireland together they are called the United Kingdom, which itself is part of the British Isles. In official circles, using the term ‘English’ has for a long time been considered ‘bad taste’, and has been replaced by ‘British’. In ordinary life, though, and particularly amongst foreigners, anybody living in the British Isles is called English. The Romans are the source of the name Albion, which is now used to refer to England in a poetical or rhetorical sense. The ancient Britons were one of the tribes which settled in England in ancient times and are considered to be the ancestors of the modern Welsh. Nowadays, 'Briton' is sometimes used to refer to all the inhabitants.

The islands are home to four peoples: the English, the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish and nobody actually wants to be British, althoughfinding, pure-bred representative of any of these renowned nations, who are all so proud of their spiritual independence is almost impossible. There has been a noticeable rise in nationalistic tendencies within the component countries of Great Britain. The most obvious example is the Irish, whose fight for freedom from their main enemy, the English, is known to all from television news. The situation with the Scots is even more complicated. Scotland is definitely part of Great Britain, but their demands for self-governance and independence are getting louder each year. The Scots know for certain that if something is bad, it must have come from England, even the law (which to their minds is completely pointless) which bans the sale of alcohol before noon on Sundays. There is a popular joke in Scotland which is printed on postcards, tea-towels and aprons, and often repeated in guidebooks. When God created Scotland, he gave it the very best: high mountains, deep lakes, clean rivers, an abundance of fish and fowl, and expansive meadows. The country was so beautiful that the other nations became jealous and started to complain. "O Lord," they said, "why did you give so much to one nation? You have created a Heaven on earth. It's not fair." To which the Lord answered "Wait a moment, you haven't seen who I have given them as neighbours." The Welsh are less well known than the other peoples in Great Britain, and have also, more than the others, been merged with the English. The English are less worried than other 'small' nations about their identity. For them, 'British' and 'English' are usually synonyms.

How do the English themselves see their own country? It may come as a surprise, but this geographically small island is actually an entire world, which contains everything that 'big countries' do. The most important thing is that the English themselves relate to their country as if it had no borders. The English are renowned throughout history as great travellers, setting off around the world without so much as a second thought.

For the English the country is precisely there that the ideal of good old England lives on in the hearts of the citizens. What does this ideal include? Well, it is having one's own home which, although it may be small, has a plot of land, a garden and a flowerbed under the windows. It is the village pub and the church like two inseparable old friends, they can be found together all across England; it is a circle of friends with whom one can chat but who would never allow themselves to burden you, either with their joys or with their sorrows.

7.1.20. Прочитайте данный текст. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

The country has got one fixed name.

Great Britain and the Northen Ireland together are called England.

In official circles using the term “English” has been considered “good taste”.

The Romans called England “Albion”.

In ordinary life England is called Albion.

The ancient Britons are the ancestors of the modern Welsh.

There are four peoples in the country: the English, the Scots, the Welsh and the Britons.

One can find many pure-bred representatives of the Welsh, the Scots and the English.

The Irish fight for freedom from their enemies the English.

The English are more worried about their identity than other nations in the United Kingdom.

The country looks like an entire world for the English.

The English like to tell their friends about their joys and sorrows..

7.1.21. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

Why is England a unique state?

Which parts does the United Kingdom consist of?

Which names are applied to the United Kingdom?

Is the term ‘English’ more common in everyday or political life?

Where does the word ‘Albion’ come from?

In what kind of speech is ‘Albion’ generally used?

Can you refer to the Scotts as the Britons?

Which countries of the UK have recently seen the rise in nationalistic tendencies?

Is the fight for freedom in the United Kingdom the fact of the past?

What do the Scotts think about the English law?

Why do the English feel their country as a very big one?

What reputation have the English gained throughout history?

What is the English ideal?

7.1.22. Переведите данные словосочетания на английский язык.

Единое государство; первое, что надо заметить, называться, официальные круги, в повседневной жизни, плохой вкус, борьба за свободу, рай на земле, народы, чистокровный представитель, в древние времена, духовная независимость, почти невозможны, заметный подъём, очевидный пример. более сложный, знать наверняка, запрещать продажу, путеводитель, жаловаться, целый мир, не иметь границ, неразлучные старые друзья, круг друзей.

7.1.23. Прочитайте текст ещё раз. Найдите предложения, содержащие формы Gerund. Переведите данные предложения на русский язык.

7.1.24. Сократите данный текст, опустив несущественные детали.

7.1.25. Составьте план, передайте содержание текста по ключевым словам и объясните Ваше отношение к данной информации.

Unified state, fixed name, official circles, ordinary life, nationalistic tendencies, an entire world, relate to, ideal, one’s own home, a garden, to burden.

7.1.26. Расскажите об особенностях нашей страны, об отношениях разных народов и народностей, с чем ассоциируется у Вас образ родины.

Раздел 7.2.

7.2.1. Отработайте произношение данных слов, уточнив их транскрипцию по словарю.

7.2.2. Просмотрите данный текст и дайте ответ на вопрос “What are the main peculiarities of pubs?”

PUBS – TOWN AND COUNTRY

Every country has its drinking habits, some of which are general and obvious, others most peculiar. Most countries also have a national drink. In England the national drink is beer, and the “pub”, where Englishmen (and women to a lesser extent) go to drink it, is a peculiar English institution. The word “pub” itself, of course, is an abbreviation of “public house”.

A bright introduction to any self-respecting pub is the sign outside it. The sign might hang from a wrought-iron bracket, or be mounted on a post, or be fixed to the wall above the door. On it will be the pub’s name – “The Pig and Whistle” for example, or “The Three Mariners”. Push open the door and you will be met by a rush of warm air and a bubble of voices. At tables round not a very large room people will be sitting and in front of each person you will see a pint or half-pint mug of beer, or a smaller glass of a “short” drink – whiskey, gin and tonic, or fruit juice. This room is called the “bar”, but, confusingly, the same term is used for the great counter of polished wood which dominates one end of the room. At this bar people will be standing with a drink either in their hands or on a “beermat” at their elbow. From time to time they will take a sip – for Englishmen sip their drinks – and then put down the mug to continue the conversation. There is a general atmosphere of warmth and cosiness. Most pubs favour the traditional image – a roaring log fire, old oak beams supporting a low ceiling, and brass ornaments on the walls. Comfort is essential, for people do not drop in for a quick drink and then go; they tend generally to” make an evening of it”.

To describe one particular kind of pub is to oversimplify my account, since there are many, many variations on the theme. Indeed, pubs are everywhere in England; a small town of, say, 50 000 inhabitants will have between 50 and 100 pubs, each with its own character. Each tiny village has its pub. Sometimes a pub will stand in solitude on a country road over the moors, far from any village or town, a relic of days when traveling was mostly a matter of making stops for refreshment or lodging; and even today, in outlying districts as well as in towns, the pub often serves as a small hotel, or “inn”. There is a good deal of folklore behind the names which pubs bear. The derivation of some names is obvious; often animals figure in the title (The Fox and Goose); often an element of history enters with the name of a local noble family, (The Tatton Arms). Jokes, too, abound. A late-night traveler knocked at the door of the George and Dragon. From an upstairs window a female head appeared, and in vigorous terms told him that all sane folk were already in bed by that hour, and what was he doing making all that noise in the middle of the night? The traveler looked at the inn-sign and said, “Could I speak to George, please?”

There are two important peculiarities about pubs. One is that they have striсktly limited hours of opening, which vary in length in different areas, each local government authority having power to fix its own “licensing hours” as they are called. It is almost impossible to get strong drink in the early morning, in the middle of the afternoon, or at midnight or later. The second peculiarity is that most pubs are divided into at least two separated bars: the public bar and the saloon bar. The differences between the two are that the saloon bar is less uncomfortable, it has chairs and linoleum, whereas the public bar will have wooden benches and perhaps a floor sprinkled with sawdust, and the beer costs a penny or two more in the saloon bar than in the public bar.

7.2.3. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы.

1. What is the national English drink?

2. What is a peculiar English institution?

3. Why is a pub a peculiar institution?

4. Can you describe in short an English pub?

5. Why are there so many pubs in England?

7.2.4. На сколько логических частей можно разделить данный текст? Озаглавьте каждую часть.

7.2.5. Составьте план текста на русском языке.

7.2.6. Переведите составленный план на английский язык.

7.2.7. Напишите краткое изложение текста на английском языке.

7.2.8. Прочитайте данный диалог. Выучите его и разыграйте по ролям.

A: What is RP?

B: Well, it’s an abbreviation for Received Pronunciation, a non-regional accent of standard British English, often regarded as a prestige form. It is traditionally called “Received” in the sense “accepted as standard”.

A: Is it the same as BBC English?

B: Well, very much so. BBC English is a traditionally correct English, especially as formerly spoken by BBC announcers and news readers.

A: Which part of Britain has contributed most to the prestigious accent?

B: The southwest, it’s there that Britain’s best universities, Oxford and Cambridge, are situated/

Раздел 7.3.

7.3.1. Прочитайте данный текст и дайте ответ на вопрос “Who became the victims of the hoax?”

.

It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else. Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: the hoax. Inviting the fire-brigade to put out a non-existent fire is a crude form of deception which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in. Students often create amusing situations which are funny to everyone except the victims.

When a student recently saw two workmen using a pneumatic drill outside his university, he immediately telephoned the police and informed them that two students dressed up as workmen were tearing up the road with a pneumatic drill. As soon as he had hung up, he went over to the workmen and told them that if a policeman ordered them to go away, they were not to take him seriously. He added that a student had dressed up as a policeman and was playing all sorts of silly jokes on people. Both the police and the workmen were grateful to the student for this piece of advance information.

The student hid in an arch way nearby where he could watch and hear everything that went on. Sure enough, a policeman arrived on the scene and politely asked the workmen to go away. When he received a very rude reply from one of the workmen, he threatened to remove them by force. The workmen told him to do as he pleased and the policeman telephoned for help. Shortly afterwards, four more policemen arrived and remonstrated with the workmen. As the men refused to stop working, the police attempted to seize the pneumatic drill. The workmen struggled fiercely and one of them lost his temper. He threatened to call the police. At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest. Pretending to speak seriously, one of the workmen asked if he might make a telephone call before being taken to the station. Permission was granted and a policeman accompanied him to a call-box. Only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police did he realize that they had all been the victims of a hoax.

7.3.2. Письменно переведите данный текст, используя словарь.

7.3.3. Выберите заголовок наиболее соответствующий содержанию текста.

Who’s Who

Love For Jokes

Double Deception

Victims Of Hoax

7.3.4. Ролевая игра.

Ситуация – студенты приехали на международную студенческую конференцию из различных регионов России (Дальний Восток, Европейский Север, Черноморское побережье) и из Великобритании (Англия, Шотландия, Уэльс, Северная Ирландия). Они ведут беседу об особенностях тех мест, где они живут и учатся.

Грамматика: условные предложения

Сослагательное наклонение

Словообразование

Текст Arnold Schwarzenegger Biography

Раздел 8.1.

8.1.1. Прочитайте предложения, определите тип условного предложения. Переведите данные предложения на русский язык.

If they come they will help us. 2. If he does not ring me up I will send him a message. 3. If you are busy I will call on you later. 4. If the weather was fine we should go for a walk. 5. If he did his best he would win this competition. 6. If he went to the exhibition he would see many interesting things. 7. If she asked him about it he would not tell her the truth. 8. If the buyers had signed the contract yesterday they would have gone home. 9. If they had come yesterday she would have returned the book. 10. If the weather had been cold last Sundy they would not have gone to the country.

Раскройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в нужную видо-временную форму в условном предложении первого типа. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Образец:

You (to do) the work well if you (to follow) my advice. 2. He (to get) a degree if he (to work) much. 3. They (to be allowed) to go there if they (to do) the work. 4. If she (to come) we (to have) dinner. 5. If he (to take) control of the company it (to succeed). 6. If he (to enter) the university he (to study) marketing. 7. If she (to go) to the cinema she (to enjoy) the film. 8. They (to get) good proportions if they often (to go) to the gym. 9. He (to win) the competition if he (to do) his best. 10. When they (to arrive) we (to solve) this problem.

Раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в необходимую видо-временную форму для образования второго типа условного предложения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Образец:

You (to do) the work well if you (to follow) my advice. 2. He (to get) a degree if he (to work) much. 3. They (to be allowed) to go there if they (to do) the work. 4. If she (to come) we (to have) dinner. 5. If he (to take) control of the company it (to succeed). 6. If he (to enter) the university he (to study) marketing. 7. If she (to go) to the cinema she (to enjoy) the film. 8. They (to get) good proportions if they often (to go) to the gym. 9. He (to win) the competition if he (to do) his best. 10. When they (to arrive) we (to solve) this problem.