TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERJECTIONS/EMOTIVES
Unlike notionals, interjections in English and Ukrainian do not correlate with notions:they do not express any relations or point to any connection with words in a sentence. Interjections are unchangeable words or phrases expressing emotional and volitional reaction of the speaker on some event. Hence, there are to be distinguished communicative, emotive, and signalizing interjections which express respectively joy or pleasure, sadness, warning, repugnence, etc., eg:
"O-o-grand!" (Priestley) "Fine!" — O-o, пречудове! Прекрасно!
(F. Fowles)
"Oh, keenof (Murdoch) — Прекрасно! О, просто чудо!
"My, how you've changed!" (Brau- — Боже мій, як ти змінився! tigan) "0Л, it hurts me. ОЛ!" (Maltz) — Ой, як болить. Ой!
As can be noticed, interjections in English and Ukrainian sentences mostly occupy a front position, rarely a midposition or a closing position. Cf. А ми! хе! хе! а ми жонаті (Шевченко). І одного часу, як вигукне, так, ой-ой-ой! (Вишня).
Interjections may be primary (первинні) and derivative (похідні). According to their structure, interjections may be simple, compound, composite, or phrasal.
1. Simple interjections fall into some subgroups, namely:
a) interjections consisting of one or two sounds: ah, a-ah, oh, oo, ooh, oof, coo, gee (a! e! o! e-e! ай! ax! ox! xa! хе! ух! ат! ет!, etc); b) interjections consisting of consonant sounds only: brr, mm, sh (sh-sh) — гм!, хм!, цсс!, шш!, брр!; с) interjections consisting of more than two different sounds which form one syllable: gosh, tut, umph, whoop (гай! гей! гов! гоп! пхе! пхи! etc); d) interjections consisting of two syllables: alas, ahem, boffo. hallo/hullo, okay (ага! агей! (Ь'.у! агусі>! ану.' люлі! нумо! otitia! ого! мугу!); е) reduplicating (повторні) interjections: ah-ah, ay-ay, ee-ee, goe-goe, how-how, ho-ho, hubba-hubba, chock-chock, ta-ta, tut-tut (a-a, ану-ану, гай-гай, еге-ге, о-го-го, ну-ну, ха-ха).
Compound interjections are more characteristic of English than of Ukrainian, eg: heigh-ho, holla-ho, fiddlesticks, whoo-whoop, wo-ho, yo-ho, etc. (Господи-Боже! Добридень! Спасибі!). 1 Derivative interjections constitute a common group in the contrasted languages, too. They are mostly of common origin and sometimes even of identical lexical meaning. There are distinguished six types of emotional interjections: a) of substantival origin: beans! bully! fiddle! hell! Lord! nuts! raspberry! rabbit! rats! Japs! (Господи! матінко! пене! Боже! леле! жах! страх! гвалт! слава! хвала! біда! горе!);
b) of verbal origin: come! look! see! cut! bother! shoot! — диви! гляди! бач! рятуйте! пробачте! даруйте! прощайте! побачимо! цур! (від цуратися) ; с) of adjectival origin (mostly in English): fine! grand! right! dear! swell! divine! gracious!; d) of adverbial origin: here! there! now! well! why? so! — добре! зараз! тут! там! так! геть! прекрасно.'; е) of pronominal origin: "ay me! oh me!" (Shakespeare) — отаке! стільки ж! отакої! «Куди ж писати?» «Отакої! Не знає куди!..» (О. Гончар); f) of phrasal origin (contracted), which are rather numerous in English: howdy! (from how do you do), alright (from all right), my! (from my God/my Lord), dammit (from damn it), attaboy (from that's a boy) —добридень (від добрий день), спасибі (спаси' біг), тсс! цсс! (від тихше).
Derivated are also numerous idiomatic interjections of various componental nature and expressing different emotions, eg: my eye!
Holy Moses! the cat's pajamas! gee whiskers! well I never!— їй же бо! \ т йому цур! кат їх бери! Боже.ж мій! біда та й годі! де там! ой леле1 ко! де ж так.! etc.
Н notive interjections express various feelings, one interjection being often used in English and Ukrainian to express different meanings. These meanings are as follows:
1 Positive feelings (joy, satisfaction, sympathy), eg: "Great!" Michael said". (I. Shaw) «Чудово!» — вигукнув Майкл. "Ooh' ooh!" the crowd was moa- «У-у! У-у/» — стогнав, перепов-ning in a kind of amorous agony". нений якимось замилуванням, (Huxley) збуджений натовп.
2 Incentive orders (спонукальні накази), eg: "Hey, now! Wait a minute". (Dahl) «Гей там! Зачекайте». "Here, Buck", the Boss called. «C/odu, Баку!» — гукнув Бос. (Warren) "Quiet!" I yelled to «Замовкніть!» — гримнув я на them" (Hemmett) них-
Here also belong orders given interjections to domestic animals. For example: gee-up! or giddup! hail! hi-up! (to horses) — но! гайда! вйо! whoa, hoa. whoa! -— тпру! nook! sook! — цоб-цабеї puss, puss, puss' — киць-киць; dilly, dilly!—тась, тасьі chook-chook! chuck-chuck! — ціп-ціп-ціп! ets.
3. Negative feelings (grief, sorrow, horror, alarm, etc.): "Oops! It's after midnight". Ух-ти! Вже за північ. (Slu-ldon)
Tshav! said the other twin". «Тьху!» — сказав другий близ-(Capote) нюк. "Nuts!" the Boss said. (Warren) «Дурниці!» — сказав Бос.
4 Orders to stop an action: hist! hush! shh! shush! — тихо! тихіше' тс! шш! cave! — обережно/ nuf! nuff! — годі! scat! shoo! — геть! eg: J "Hush" my mother said, "hush, «Тихо, синку,—сказала ма-son«'. (Warren) ма.— Тихо».
5. Greetings and partings which may sometimes be rather motional as well. Cf.
"Oh hello!" she called..." (Brush) «О, привіт!» — гукнула вона... "Howdy," said Isabel..." (Capote) «Здоров!» — сказала Ізабел... "Ну •!" said Rornona". (Salinger) «Бувай!» — відповіла Ромона.
Interjections of sounds like dab-dab, mew, cock-a-dooble-doo, moo, etc, and their Ukrainian quivalents кря-кря, няв, кукуріку, му-у are -regular imitations of sounds and cannot be treated as interjections or as emotives.