B) Ukrainian borrowings
A) Russian borrowings
III. Slavic borrowings in the English language
Besides two main groups of borrowings (Romanic and Germanic) there are also borrowings from a lot of other languages. We shall speak about Russian borrowings, borrowings from the language, which belongs to Slavic languages.
There were constant contacts between England and Russia and they borrowed words from one language into the other. Among early Russian borrowings there are mainly words connected with trade relations, Russian cuisine, and some other things, such as: rouble, copeck, pood, sterlet, vodka, sable, babushka, balalaika, banya, beluga, kasha, kvass, laika, matryoshka, samovar, shchi, shaman, and also words relating to nature, such as: taiga, tundra, steppe etc.
There is also a large group of Russian borrowings which came into English through Russian literature of the 19-th century, such as: Narodnik, moujik, duma, zemstvo, volost, ukase etc, and also words which were formed in Russian with Latin roots, such as: nihilist, intelligenzia, Decembrist etc.
After the Great October Revolution many new words appeared in Russian connected with the new political system, new culture, and many of them were borrowed into English, such as: bolshevik, collectivization, udarnik, Komsomol, tovarishch, Kremlin, Kalashnikov, etc and also translation loans, such as: shock worker, collective farm, five-year plan etc.
One more group of Russian borrowings is connected with perestroika, such as: glasnost, nomenklatura, apparatchik, perestroika etc.
English words of Ukrainian origin are words in the English language which were borrowed or derived from the Ukrainian language.
Some of them may have entered English via Russian, Polish, Yiddish, or some other language. They may have originated in other languages, but are used to describe notions related to Ukraine. Some are regionalisms, used in English-speaking places with a significant Ukrainian Diaspora population, especially Canada, but all of these have entered the general English vocabulary. For example, baba (grandmother or old woman), babka (sweet Easter bread), bandura (a stringed musical instrument), borshch (beat soup), Cossack (Ukrainian Kozak, a freedom-loving horseman of the steppes), Hetman (a Cossack military leader), holubtsi (Canadian English, cabbage rolls), hopak (a lively traditional dance), kasha (porridge), kubasa, kolbassa (Canadian English, from Ukrainian kovbasa), paska (Canadian English, a decorated Easter bread, also paskha, a rich dessert with curd cheese and dried fruit), pysanka (a decorated Easter egg), varenyky (boiled dumplings with potato or meat inside) etc.
Topic V: Word-Building in Modern English
Plan
I. Ways and types of English word-building
II. Morphological word-building:
1) Affixation;
2) Compounding;
3) Shortening;
4) Sound-interchange;
5) Stress-interchange;
6) Back-formation;
7) Reduplication;
8) Blending.
III. Syntactico-morphological word-building:
1) Juxtapositional compounding;
2) Substantivation of adjectives;
3) Lexicalization of the plural of nouns;
4) Conversion.
IV. Syntactical word-building:
1) Syntactic compounding.
5. Minor types of word-building:
1) Sound-imitation.
Literature:
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3. Kveselevich D.I., Sasina V.P. Modern English Lexicology in Practice. – Zh., 2000.
4. Kuznetsova V.S. Notes on English Lexicology. – K., 1966.
5. Rayevska N.M. English Lexicology. – K., 1979.
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