Fill in the gaps in the passage with words given below in brackets. The initial letter of the words is provided.
Match the words in the left column with equivalents in the right column.
| 1. dumping | a. a company with a worldwide management and production philosophy |
| 2. free market | b. supply and demand |
| 3. division of labor | c. company which owns a subsidiary |
| 4. market forces | d. below cost foreign sale |
| 5. subsidy | e. without government restrictions regulating trade |
| 6. protectionism | f. trade restrictions to benefit domestic producers |
| 7. parent company | g. branch company |
| 8. a multinational | h. money given to cover losses and assist non-profit enterprises |
| 9. subsidiary | i. labor specialization |
Exercise 8
Replace the words and expressions in italics with expressions from the text which have the same meaning.
1. Workers with very little training are able to produce goods which require a lot of hand work.
2. Adam Smith suggested that in a market without government interference countries would produce what had the greatest advantage to them.
3. In a free market different work would be performed in different countries.
4. Countries sell abroad the goods produced most efficiently at home.
5. Governments try to regulate the imports of a country.
6. Some governments give money to companies that export.
7. Governments try to protect their home industries.
8. Governments can limit imports by imposing an import tax.
9. An import duty raises money for the government.
10. Most goods must be paid for in the currency of the producing country.
Exercise 9
1. When a country imports goods, it spends its currency abroad. When a country exports goods, it is paid in foreign c............... The difference between the money a country earns for goods and the amount it s...............on goods is called its balance of trade (or t........... balance.) Countries also trade abroad in things like insurance, tourism, foreign investment etc. which are known as invisible imports and e..............
When a country receives money from abroad for the things other than goods, the transaction is called an I..............export. When a country s............money abroad on things other than goods, the t...............is called an I.............i........... . The difference between the total amount of money a country s.............and the total a...............it e.............is its b..............of payments, (amount, balance, currency, earns, exports, invisible, invisible, import, spends, spends, spends, trade, transaction)
2.If a country earns more than it s..., it has a favorable balance of p.............. A f............balance of payments is also called a b..............of payments surplus. If a country spends more than it e................, it has an unfavorable balance of payments. This is also called a b.............of payments deficit, (balance, balance, earns, favorable, payments, spends)
3.In order for international t..............take place, countries have to buy and sell foreign c............. This is done on the f..............exchange market. The value of a c...............on the foreign exchange m..............changes frequently and the price at which money can be exchanged at a particular time is called the e rate (or r............of exchange.) The 
changes in the e.............rate are influenced by many political and economic factors.
The v...........of a currency will probably fall, for example, if a country has a large trade balance d.............(currency, currencies/currency, deficit, exchange, exchange, foreign, market, rate, trade, value).
4.The e..............rate can affect the price of exported goods. If the v................of the exporter's c.............falls he will make more profit. On the other hand, if the value of the f.................currency takes a f..........., the exporter may have to raise his prices abroad in order to make a p............... Alternatively the exporter can take out forward exchange cover. Forward exchange c..............is a form of insurance. The exporter arranges to sell f.............(e.g. in three months time) at an agreed r............of exchange the foreign c.............he will receive from the sale of goods. This quads the exporter against losing money if the foreign currency falls in v...........(cover, currency, currency, exchange, fall, foreign, forward, profit, rate, value, value).
Exercise 10