III. LEXICOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TRANSLATION

ЯЙ

AND CLASS DISCUSSION

SUGGESTED TOPICS FOR SELF-TESTING

1. Translation and interpretation in ancient countries of the Near East.

2. The first European translations and appearance of two different ways/principles of translation.

3. Deliberate violations of the second (sense-to-sense) way/prin­ciple of translation by Horace and Apuleius and their conse­quences in the Middle Ages and later periods.

4. Translation of ecclesiastic and secular works in the Middle Ages England and Spain.

5. Factors favouring the revival of translation during the period of European Renaissance.

6. Ways and methods of translation of ecclesiastic and secular works in France and Germany in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

7. Translation in the periods of Classicism and Enlightenment (sev­enteenth - eighteenth centuries).

8. The epoch of Romanticism and protests against the unrestricted freedom of translation in England, Germany and France. J.Herder and the birth of the principles of faithful translation.

9. Translation of ecclesiastic and secular works in Ukraine - Rus' in the tenth - eleventh and twelfth -thirteenth centuries.

10. The revival of translation in Ukraine in the fourteenth-sixteenth centuries (translation of the Bible and other ecclesiastic works).

11. The Kyiv Mohyla Academy (1633-1801) and development of translation in the seventeenth-eighteenth centuries Ukraine (I.Maksymovych, F.Prokopovych, D.Tuptalo, H.Skovoroda).

12. I.Kotlyarevskyi's free interpretation of Virgil's Aeneidand its in­fluence on the methods of translation of P.Hulak-Artemovskyi, Ye.Hrebinka, L.Borovykovskyi, P.Bilets'kyi-Nosenko in the first half of the nineteenth century.

13. M.Shashkevych, I. Vahylevych, Y.Holovats'kyi and the begin­ning of translation in Halychyna in the 1830's.

14. P.Kulish, O.Navrots'kyi, P.Nishchyns'kyi, S.Rudans'kyi, I.Franko, M.Staryts'kyi, Lesya Ukrainka, P.Hrabovs'kyi, B.Hrinchenko with his family as translators. Their contribution to Ukrainian belles-lettres during the Tsarist prohibitions of the Ukrainian language, literature and culture in the second half of

the nineteenth century - the first decades of the twentieth cen­tury.

15. The level of artistic translation in Ukraine before and during the years of independence (1917-1921) and in the first decades of Soviet rule. O.Burhardt, M.Lysychenko, O.Baikar (Shtan'ko), M.Ryabova, H.Kasyanenko, M.lvanov, V.Samiylenko as belles-lettres translators.

16. The political persecutions of M.Zerovand his adherents/Neo-classicists together with other most promising translators in themid1920'sand1930's.

17. The most often employed methods of translation and the artis­tic level of translation of classical British, American, French, German and Italian prose/poetic works during the 1920's and 1930's.

18. The revival of Ukrainian translation after World War II in the mid and late 1940's (M.Ryl'skyi, M.Tereshchenko, M.Bazhan, M.Lukash, LPervomaiskyi).

19. The return of some prominent translators (V.Mysyk, H.Kochur, Borys Ten, D.Palamarchuk and others) from the Stalinist con­centration camps during mid 1950's-1960's and the public de­mand for raising the artistic level of Ukranian post-war belles-lettres translation (critical articles of O.Kundzich, M.Ryl'skyi and others).

20. The role of the renewed Vsesvitjournal in fostering the post-war translators of poetic and prose works (M.Pinchevs'kyi, O.Terekh, V.Pasichna, V.Mytrofanov, H.Filipchuk, A.Perepadya, O.Mokrovol'skyi, Ye.Popovych, P.Sokolovs'kyi and others).

21. The historical circumstances and preconditions of birth and de­velopment of Ukrainian criticism of literary artistic translation in the 20^th century.

22. The main established principles of faithful translation and their realization in the practice of conveying the poetic and prose works by the outstanding translators (M.Zerov, M.Ryl'skyi, V.Pidmohyl'nyi, V.Mysyk, M.Lukash, Borys Ten, Ye.Popovych, Ye.Drobyazko, Yu.Lisnyak, D.Bobyr and others).

As it has been pointed out in chapter I, the process of written or oral translating presents in reality different forms of decoding or trans­formation which the source language units undergo at the phonetic, morphological or syntactic levels: Cf.: ambition [aembijn] амбіція, geologist геолог, metaphor метафора, participate брати участь, negotiable те (той), що піддається погодженню; рученьки beautiful little hands, лісовик (mythology) wood goblin, etc. No lingual, i.e., structural or semantic identity have in the target language many English and Ukrainian specifically national notions of lexicon (culturally biased words), which are also to be decoded, i.e., transformed Cf.: Number 10 Downing Street Даунінґ Стріт №10 (резиденція прем'єр-міністра Великої Британії), haggis зварений у жирі овечий кендюх, начинений вівсяною кашею впереміш із посіченими потрохами; кутя cooked peeled wheat, barley or rice mixed with ground poppy seeds, raisins and parceled kernels of nuts, honey and a little boiled water, etc.

Neither are there in the target language direct semantic or struc­tural equivalents for many idioms and stable expressions of the source language. Hence, they must be decoded, i.e., transformed, Cf.: Tom, Dick and Harry перший-ліпший (з), будь-хто (з), to go to the altar одружуватися, виходити заміж; клепки не вистачає nobody home, he has got a screw loose, etc.

A considerable number of other source language units, how­ever, may maintain their lingual form little changed or unchanged in the target language, as in many proper names and genuine internationalisms: Д/ггес/Альфред/Ельфред, Robert Frost Роберт Фрост, Boston Бостон, president президент, affix афікс, phoneme фонема, moforMOTop, cybernetics кібернетика, export експортувати, social соціальний, nationally національно, etc. Such and the like words are, in fact, not translated in the true sense of the word but fumed into the target language in their phonemic (sometimes also in their orthographic) form/structure. These and some other problems, which are of academic interest not only for the beginning translator but also for the teacher constitute the subject-matter of the succeed­ing chapters of this work.