III. PRACTICE AND EXPERIENCE

Modern ways of their elimination.

The origin of environmental problems facing humanity nowadays;

Tell about features causing the deterioration of environment.

C) the international environmental law principles

B) its main sources

A) the periods of the international environmental law

Find in the text the information on

II. DEVELOPMENT

2. Complete the following sentences according to the information from the text:

1. The growth of international environmental issues is reflected in … .

2. International environmental law has since been expanded by … .

3. The chief guiding principle is … .

4. The most widely-known protocol in international environmental law is … .

5. Ecological interdependence and international co-operation explain … .

3. Read the text below. Copy out the underlined word combinations from it and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

UNCED reflect the growing range of economic activities which subject to international legal regulation. UNCED agreed environmental priorities which were essentially divided into two categories: those relating to the protection of various environmental media, and those relating to the regulation of particular activities or products. The first category constitute: protection of the atmosphere, in particular by climate change, ozone depletion and ground level and transboundary air pollution; protection of land resources; halting deforestation; conservation of biological diversity; protection of freshwater resources; and protection of oceans and seas (including coastal areas) and marine living resources. The second category of major issues identified products of human technological and industrial innovation which are considered to be harmful to the environment constitute the management of: biotechnology; toxic chemicals, including their international trade; agricultural practice; hazardous wastes, including their international trade; solid wastes and sewage-related issues; and radioactive wastes [from references № 2: p.10, 1995,].

5. Please, give your explanation of the following problems:

1. Make up а dialogue:

A: Say that a number of measures must be taken to stop air pollution.

B: Answer that a lot of anti-pollution measures are taken by governments of many countries throughout the world.

A: Reply that air pollution is much worse in Western countries.

B: Answer that this is true but it is also a big problem in Ukraine because of Chernobyl disaster.

A: Add that air pollution is spreading much more in big industrial and overpopulated cities such as in Kharkiv, Zaporizhiya, Donetsk.

B: Tell that environmental problems also take place in outer space. There are three types of them: orbital space debris; environmental damage caused on or to other planets as a result of human exploratory activity; and environmental damage caused on the Earth as a result of man-made objects of outer space.

A: Ask to explain your interlocutor what does “space debris” mean.

B: Explain that it constitutes an environmental hazard as it increases the risk of collision and consequential damage; because of the high speed at which they travel, objects as small as one centimeter can penetrate the crew compartments of spacecrafts, and debris one-half millimeter in size can kill an astronaut protected only by a spacesuit.

2. Situation: you are at the European symposium devoted to the Atmosphere and Freshwater resources Protection. Make up and dramatize you own dialogue between the fighters for Conservation. Use the terms and notions:

· urban pollution,ozone depletion, climate change, outer space; customary law and regional rules, UNCED, ECE Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution and its Protocols;.

· the protection of the marine environment, pollution, dumping by vessels at sea, offshore vessels, seabed activities, coastal zones, global deterioration in the quality of the marine environment, destruction of habitats, eutrophication from nutrients and sewage, UNCLOS, UNEP REGIONAL Seas Programme, OSPAR Marine Pollution Convention.

[You can obtain additional information in Philippe Sand.’s Principles of international environmental law І, 1995 (the references № 2:): chapters 7, 9 and 11, p. 243-287; 346-366, 456-491].

3. Explain the difference between:

· the notion of “environment” and the definition of Environmental law

· the objective and objects of Environmental law

· its main principles and legal practices

4. Prove the necessity of nuclear safety in the world. Use the following key-expressions:

· radioactive materials;

· the International Atomic Energy Agency;

· the European Atomic Energy Agency;

· the Nuclear Energy Agency;

· treaty obligations;

· treaties on liability for nuclear damage and the protection of workers;

· agreements on atmospheric nuclear testing;

· the use and proliferation of nuclear weapons;

· border area co-operation;

· co-operation on nuclear safety and research;

· the protection of nuclear material;

· disposal of radioactive waste;

· nuclear free zones;

· an international Convention on Nuclear Safety.