Complete the text with the words from the box.

Choose and read the word that best completes the sentence.

III. VOCABULARY STUDY

1. In the text “Criminal Law” find the synonyms for the following words and word combinations.

Penal law, criminal offense, civil offence, damage, penalty, prohibited, human being, disagreement, to be imprisoned, responsible, criminal code, control, be found guilty.

2. Arrange the letters in the following legal terms; then match these terms with their definitions:

1. imcre a. the crime of killing another person deliberately and not in self-defense
2. eiocutexn b. the early release of a prisoner, conditioned on good behavior and regular reporting to the authorities for a set period of time
3. fein c. an action prohibited by law
4. mdreur d. case brought to a law court
5. aplero e. somebody who is hurt or killed
6. optirbnao f. a sum of money that somebody is ordered to pay for breaking a law or rule
7. utis g. lawyers trying to prove somebody's guilt
8. secoiutpron h. the supervision of the behavior of a young or first-time criminal offender by a probation officer. During the period of supervision, the offender must regularly report to the probation officer and must not commit any further offenses.
9. ctimvi i. the killing of somebody as part of a legal or extralegal process

1) Criminal / Civil law is the branch of law that defines crimes, treats of their nature, and provides for their probation / punishment.

2) A Criminal Code / Execution is a compilation of government laws that outline a nation's laws regarding criminal offenses, and the maximum and minimum punishments that courts can suit / impose upon offenders when such crimes are committed (for example: vandalism, retail theft, theft of property etc.).

3) A tort / crime is a civil wrong committed against an individual; a tort / crime, on the other hand, is regarded as an offense committed against the public, even though only one individual may have been wronged.

4) It'll be some weeks before your offence / case comes to trial.

5) A penalty / supervision is a legal or official punishment for committing a crime or other offense, e.g. a fine or imprisonment.

 

penalties Roman criminal theft civil law enforcement codes offences

 

The first written ____________________of law were produced by the Sumerians around 2100-2050 BC. Another important early code was the Code Hammurabi, which formed the core of Babylonian ______________________. Neither set of laws separated ________________________ codes and civil laws.

Law of the Twelve Tables, earliest code of _______________ law, was formalized in 451-450 bc from existing oral law by ten magistrates and inscribed on tablets of bronze or wood, which were posted in the principal Roman Forum. The Twelve Tables covered all categories of the law and also included specific __________________ for various ____________________. This code conflated the ____________________ and criminal aspects, e.g. treating _______________________ as a tort.

The first signs of the modern distinction between crimes and civil matters emerged during the Norman Invasion of England. The special notion of penalty, at least concerning Europe, arose in Spanish Late Scholasticism, when the theological notion of God's penalty became transfused into canon law first and, finally, to secular criminal law.

The development of the state provided justice emerged in the eighteenth century when European countries began maintaining police services. From this point, criminal law had formalized the mechanisms for ______________________, which allowed for its development as a recognized entity.

5. Give the English equivalents for the following word combinations:

Кримінальне право, кримінальний кодекс, злочин, правопорушення, покарання, призначати покарання, загрожуючи покаранням, запобігати злочину, тілесні ушкодження, забороняти, втрата свободи, нагляд, умовне покарання, типові злочини, призвести до шкідливих наслідків, бути схильним до чогось, бути ув’язненим, порушення громадського порядку.

 

6. Translate into English:

Згідно зі ст. 3 КК України, законодавство України про кримінальну відповідальність становить кримінальний кодекс України. Цей письмовий нормативно-правовий акт приймається Верховною Радою України або всеукраїнським референдумом, який визначає, які суспільно небезпечні діяння є злочинами і які покарання застосовуються до осіб, що їх вчинили.