Postgraduate education (Candidate's or Doctor's Degree) –освіта, спрямована на отримання наукового ступіня кандидата або доктора наук.

The Law of Ukraine “On Education” –закон України „Про освіту” (№ 1060 – XII).

The Law of Ukraine “On Higher Education” –закон України „Про вищу освіту” (№ 2984 – III).

A professional licence –дозвіл на здійснення професійної діяльності.

Requirements to the contents, scope and levelof the educational and professional training in Ukraine are determined by the Law of Ukraine “On Education” of 1991. The Law establishes a four level system of higher education and defines qualification requirements for junior specialists and bachelor degree holders (basic higher education), specialists and master degree holders (complete higher education). The system of education also includespostgraduate education (Candidate's or Doctor's Degree).

As the legal profession becomes very prestigious and much in demand, a large network of legal educational institutions and faculties has been established in Ukraine recently. The higher educational establishments (HEE) that train lawyers in Ukraine include: technicums, colleges, institutes, academies, universities and other establishments. HEE have four degrees of accreditation based on their status:

– the first degree – technicum or other HEE of the equal status;
– the second degree – college or other HEE of the equal status;
– the third and the fourth degrees (depending on the results of accreditation) – institute, academy, university and other HEE equal to them.

Legal education in Ukraine is centred in the state and private colleges and universities. The four year education gives a bachelor’s degree; graduates after five year studies receive a certificate of a specialist. Everybody has a possibility to continue his/her education and scientific research at the master’s andpostgraduate courses.

Higher education graduates are awarded qualifications of the appropriate educational-proficiency levels and they are granted diplomas of the state format. The Diploma is a state-recognized document which serves as both an educational certificate and a professional licence. It confirms the attainment of the appropriate higher educational level and a certain professional qualification in some speciality. The Law of Ukraine “On Higher Education” (2002) establishes the following types of documents that confirm higher education qualifications:

Dyplom Molodshoho Spetsialista (Diploma/ qualification of Junior Specialist),

Dyplom Bakalavra (Diploma/ qualification of Bachelor),

Dyplom Spetsialista (Diploma/ qualification of Specialist),

Dyplom Mahistra (Diploma/ qualification of Master).

At the postgraduate level Ukraine has a two-degree system. The first qualification is the Candidate of Sciences (a scientific degree of Kandidat Nauk). It normally requiresat least three years of postgraduate study (aspirantura) after the award of the Specialist or the Master diploma. For this qualification a thesis (dissertation) must besubmitted and defended. The second qualification is the Doctor of Sciences (a scientific degree of Doktor Nauk), the highest scientific degree in Ukraine. This qualification requires some period of studies (doktorantura) following the award of Kandidat Nauk degree. The dissertation for this degree must make an original contribution to a certain field of science.

A public defence of the dissertation is held in the form of a public presentation and scientific debates.

1. What does the Law of Ukraine “On Education” determine?

2. What is a four level system of higher education in Ukraine?

3. What is postgraduate education?

4. Why has a large network of legal educational institutions been established in Ukraine recently?

5. What are the types of Ukrainian higher educational institutions that train lawyers?

6. What degrees are given to students of HEEs after four and five years of education?

7. What is the Diploma granted to higher education graduates?

8. What is the first qualification of the postgraduate level in Ukraine? What are the requirements to it?

9. What is the second qualification of the postgraduate level in Ukraine? What are the requirements to it?