B. THE ORIGIN OF THE MOON

For thousands of years people have seen the Moon above them and probably wondered what its nature and origin were. So far these questions remain unanswered although many of the Moon's mysteries have been unravelled. Of all the hypotheses of the Moon's origin there seem to be three most likely.

According to the “fission” or “escape” theory, the Moon is a “daughter” of the earth. This theory suggests that a single large planet formed where the earth is now; and as it cooled, it began to spin so rapidly that it flattened into a disk-shape, then into a sausage-shape, and finally split into two parts. The larger part became the earth, and the smaller part was flung out into orbit to become the moon.

The “capture” theory views the moon as a “girl-friend” of the earth. The moon formed separately in another part of the solar system, possibly in the asteroid belt, or perhaps outside the solar system entirely. Some time after it was formed, it passed close enough to the earth to be captured by the earth's gravity and held in orbit around it. This theory doesn't explain how the moon formed; it just explains how it got to where it is now.

The “double planet” theory suggests that the earth and moon condensed into separate bodies as the solar system was forming. The moon is thus a “sister” of the earth; both bodies formed close together, and they remained close together ever since.

None of the three theories was particularly convincing, the explanations being uncertain and unlikely.

By 1957, when the Space Age was inaugurated with the launching of the Russian satellite Sputnik 1, theories about the moon had reached the limit imposed by earthbound observations. Any further advances in lunar study would require something new in the history of science: a massive, all-out effort to study the moon at close range, to put instruments on its surface, and to bring its rocks back to earth for analysis, that is direct exploration of the moon's surface and depths.

In 1959 such investigations were begun with the moon flight of the Russian automatic probe Luna 2. One of the most important results of the flight was that it proved the absence of a magnetic field on the moon. Consequently it at once became clear that a cosmonaut could not use a compass on the moon's surface.

Since that time dozens of space probes have reached the moon and near moon space, relaying a mass of important information about our natural satellite. Rock specimens have been studied, delivered by Russian Luna automatic probes and the American Apollo expedition.

C. “WHITE COSMOS”

Members of Russian Antarctic expedition carried out large-scale plans from seven stations of the icy continent. The 30th Antarctic expedition included scientists who were engaged in special medical research, the purpose of which was to get a better understanding of man's adaptation to an environment with extreme conditions.

This is a highly complicated psycho-physiological process, which is affected by two main groups of factors, — climatic and social. At the Vostok intercontinental station a maximum of cold — minus 89,2°C — was registered. But the influence of climate on man is determined not only by temperature. There is such an indicator as coefficient of weather severity which takes into account temperature, wind velocity and humidity.

On the coast of the Antarctic, frosts are not so severe as in the depths of the continent. But because of hurricane winds (their velocity reaches 60 or more meters per second) the coefficient of weather severity is very high.

On high ground to climatic factors one has to add hypoxia — shortage of oxygen — because of lowered atmospheric pressure. Long periods of polar day and, especially, polar night have a considerable affect on a person's psychological state.

Things are much more complicated as regards the system of human relations, which is under strong pressure from subjective factors. Moreover, the pressure is the stronger, the smaller, the isolated group. Conditions in winter in the Antarctic can be likened to a long-term space flight. Therefore expedition members are also carefully selected according to the criterion of psychological compatibility.

The Antarctic, the earth's giant fridge, may be called “white cosmos”: its environment is sterile. In normal conditions, especially in big cities, the human organism is constantly under attack by viruses and other patho-genes. The continuous defense against invasion by infections leads to a corresponding immunity. But in the sterile environment of the Antarctic the organism's resistance lowers which results in an untypical flow of diseases, especially at the end of the winter. It takes a longer time for wounds to heal and for fractures to knit.

Hypoxia at a high altitude also affects the flow of diseases and postoperation treatment. For instance, in the conditions of hypoxia pneumonia can be effectively treated only with a supply of oxygen.

And yet these difficulties and dangers detract little from the desire of scientists to visit the white continent. Many people go there over and over again. In 1985 Dmitry Maksutov who headed the 30th expedition went to the Antarctic for the sixth time and he was then 60 years old.

приложение 1

транскрипция имен собственных

Звуки, отсутствующие в русском языке:

[w] буквами “в”, “уа”, “уо”, “уэ”, например, Уэльс (Wales), Вебстер (Webster)

[q, ¶] буквами “т”, “ф”, “с”, например, Голсуорси (Galsworthy), Смит (Smith)

[h] буквами “х”, “г”, например, Грейт Холл (Great Hall), Гарри (Harry)

[h] буквами “нг”, например, Силвер Спринг (Silver Spring)

Если имя собственное не является широко известным для русского читателя, рекомендуется также указать в скобках его английское написание.

Звуки, отсутствующие в английском языке:

[йа] буквами “ya”, например, Yakutiya (Якутия)

[йе] буквами “yе”, например, Yekaterinburg (Екатеринбург)

[йу] буквами “yu”, например, Yury Gagarin (Юрий Гагарин)

[х] буквами “kh”, например, Kharkov (Харьков)

[тс] буквами “ts”, например, Lipetsk (Липецк)

[ч] буквами “ch”, например, Shevchenko (Шевченко)

[ш] буквами “sh”, например, Shevchenko (Шевченко)

[щ] буквами “shch”, например, Roshchino (Рощино)

приложение 2

некоторые распространенные сокращения

g; gm; gr; grm г

c; cm см

sf; sq ft кв. фут

А. С. (alternating current) переменный ток

D. C. (direct current) постоянный ток

c/s (cycles per second, Herz) колебаний в с (герц)

Hp (horse power) л.с. (лошадиных сил)

psi (pounds per square inch) фунтов на кв. дюйм

r. p. m. (revolutions per min.) оборотов в минуту

hr (hour) час

e. g. (Lat. exempli grata = for example) например

i. e. (Lat. id est = that is) то есть

ca (Lat. circa = about) около, приблиз.

cf. (Lat. confero = compare) сравните

P. C.; pct; % (Lat. per cent = per a hundred) процент

amu (atomic mass unit) атомная единица массы

приложение 4

некоторые “ложные друзья переводчика”

приложение 5

математические символы

+ plus

– minus

± plus or minus

´ × multiply by

¸ divide by

= is equal to

º is identically equal to

» is approximately equal to

¹ is not equal to

> is greater than

< is less than

/ is greater than or equal to

£ is less than or equal to

Ç intersection

È union

Î is member of set

Ì is a subset of

$ there exists

" for all values of

Û is equivalent to; if and only if

Þ implies

&

E universal set

N the set of natural numbers

Z the set of integers

Q the set of rational numbers

R the set of real numbers

C the set of complex numbers

Ð angle

ïê parallel

^ perpendicular

xⁿx×x×x… to n factors

the square root of x

the n^th root of x

x® a x approaches the limit a

x! factorial x

¥ infinity

log_n x log x to the base n

lg x common logarithm

ln x natural logarithm

S the sum of the terms

П the product of the terms

|x| the absolute value of x

f(x), F(x) etc. value of function f, F etc. at point x

Dx the increment of x

the derivative of y with respect to x

the n^th derivative of y with respect to x

ò integral

Vulgar fractions (proper, improper, mixed): is one fifth,

1 is the numerator; 5 is the denominator.

3 Three and five eighths

Decimal fractions: 0.2 is two tenths = nought point two = point two = zero point two

52.23 is fifty two and (point) two three.

приложение 6

некоторые неметрические единицы измерения

приложение 7

словари, рекомендуемые для перевода научно-технических текстов

1. Большой англо-русский политехнический словарь: В 2 т. Около 200 000 терминов/ С.М. Баринов, А.Б. Борковский и др.. – М.: Рус. яз., 1991.

2. Большой англо-русский словарь: В 2 т. Около 150 000 терминов/ Сост. Н.Н. Амосова, Ю.Д. Апресян, И.Р. Гальперин и др. – М.: Рус. яз., 1979.

3. Русско-английский политехнический словарь. Около 90 000 терминов/ Сост. Б.В. Кузнецов и др. – М.: Руссо, 1997.

4. Multilex 2.0. CD ROM, 1997 (электронный словарь)

5. Lingvo 6.0 CD ROM, 1999 (электронный словарь)

библиография

1. Айзенкоп С.М., Багдасарова Л.В., Васина Н.С., Глущенко И.Н. Учебное пособие по техническому переводу. Ростов н/Д.: Феникс, 1996.

2. Манерко Л.А. Этимология английского языка через историю народа Великобритании: Учебное пособие. – Рязань: Изд-во РГПУ, 1998.

3. Мешков О., Ламберт М. Практикум по переводу с русского языка на английский. – М.: Янус-К, 1997.

4. Пумпянский А.Л. Чтение и перевод английской научной и технической литературы: Лексика, грамматика, фонетика, упражнения. – Мн.: ООО “Попурри”, 1997.

5. Толковый словарь русского языка конца XX века. Языковые изменения. Под ред. Г.Н. Скляревской. Российская академия наук, Институт лингвистических исследований. – СПб.: Фолио-Пресс, 2000.

6. Britannica CD. Version 97. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 1997.

7. Chambers 20^th Century Dictionary. – L.: The Chaucer Press Ltd, 1983.

pre- UNIT. ПОНЯТИЕ ПЕРЕВОДА. Классификации ПЕРЕВОДА............................................................. 3

Unit 1..ЛЕКСИЧЕСКАЯ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТНОСТЬ ПЕРЕВОД ПОСЛОВИЦ И ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ сОЧЕТАНИЙ 7

Unit 2. ЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ТРЕУГОЛЬНИК: СЛОВО, ПРЕДМЕТ И ПОНЯТИЕ................................................ 9

UNIT 3. ИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ СЛОВА И “ЛОЖНЫЕ ДРУЗЬЯ ПЕРЕВОДЧИКА”......................... 12

Unit 4. КОНТЕКСТ.............................................................................................................................................................. 18

UNIT 5. ЯЗЫК МАТЕМАТИКИ........................................................................................................................................ 22

UNIT 6. АВТОМАТИЧЕСКИЙ ПЕРЕВОД. ПЕРЕВОД АРТИКЛЕЙ................................................................... 27

UNIT 7. ПЕРЕВОД СЛОВ С ОКОНЧАНИЕМ ING..................................................................................................... 31

UNIT 8. ПЕРЕВОД ИНФИНИТИВА. ЦЕПОЧКИ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ.................................................... 35

UNIT 9. ПЕРЕВОД АБСОЛЮТНЫХ ПРИЧАСТНЫХ ОБОРОТОВ.................................................................. 43

приложение 1. транскрипция имен собственных......................................................................... 50

приложение 2. некоторые распространенные сокращения................................................ 51

приложение 4. некоторые “ложные друзья переводчика”................................................... 52

приложение 5. математические символы........................................................................................... 54

приложение 6.. некоторые неметрические единицы измерения................................... 55

приложение 7. словари, рекомендуемые для перевода научно-технических текстов 56

библиография................................................................................................................................................................. 56