КОНТЕКСТ

LANGUAGE NOTES

Абсолютное большинство слов любого языка являются многозначными. Только в устной или письменной речи они обретают какое-либо конкретное значение.

Контекст – это минимальная часть текста, которая делает слово однозначным. Например, англ. title может означать “заглавие”, “титул”, или “право на что-л.”. Но в предложении “His title is Professor.” слово title однозначно.

С другой стороны, иногда можно догадаться о значении пропущенного или незнакомого слова по контексту, например:

The cold wind caused a … in temperature. (drop)

4.2. Determine the meaning of the italicised words in the context and translate the sentences:

A. 1. The soldier is now at his post. 2. The man did his best to get a better post. 3. I will send you the book by post. 4. The wooden gate was supported by two metal posts.

B.1. The chameleon has the power of changing its colour. 2. I will do everything in my power to help. 3. He’s a man of great intellectual powers. 4. The boxer was sorry for having underestimated the power of his competitor’s blows. 5. The device operates on electrical power.6. Are the powers of the President defined by law? 7. Is the press a greatpowerin your country? 8. What is the third power of this number? 9. They employed a high power telescope. 10. The Great Powers have agreed to co-operate on this matter.

C. 1. The cloth is unfortunately very rough to the touch. 2. He had to apologise for his rough behaviour. 3. The sea was roughand no swimming allowed. 4. This suitcase must have had some rough handing. 5. She has a very rough tongue. 6. That is a rough translation, it requires stylistic improvement. 7. I’ve seen his new statue only in therough. 8. He was set on by a gang of roughswhy knocked him down and took all his money.

D. 1. The summer temperature there does not exceed 20°C in the shade. 2. We have dress materials in several shades of blue. 3. The word has many shades of meaning. 4. She is a shade better today. 5. You are so clever and brilliant that my poor efforts are put into the shade.

E. 1. The dateof his birth is 15 November, 1975. 2. 1492 is the date of the discovery of America by Columbus. 3. What’s the date today? 4. Has the date for the meeting been fixed? 5. Many ruins of Roman dateare to be seen in the south of France. 6. Will jeans ever go out of date?7. I’ve got a date with a friend of mine. 8. The method applied is up-to-date.

F. 1. I don’t know whether he is here or not. 2. He knows a lot of English. 3. Do you know how to play chess? 4. I was introduced to Miss Wood last week, but I’ve a bad memory for faces and might not know her again. 5. He’s already known to the police. 6. They are twins and it’s almost impossible to know one from the other. 7. He knew poverty in his early life. 8. She knowsa good singing voice when she hears one. 9. I knew about it last week.

4.3. Find Russian equivalents for the italicised set expressions and translate the sentences:

A. 1. If you don’t take care of your teeth you’ll stand a good chance of loosing them. 2. The new type of refrigerator prolongs the storage life of food. 3. Market economies rest upon the principle of individual freedom. 4. In implementing the programme they faced a lot of unexpectedproblems. 5. Do you have many top student’s in your class? 6. A new second-hand clothes store was opened in our district. 7. The nurse gave him an injection of penicillin. 8. Let’s knock a hole in the wall. 9. Tom would not lift a finger to solve the problem. 10. When he regainedconsciousness, he found himself in hospital.

B. 1. The arrow hit the target. 2. It was a narrow escape for him. 3. She survived the operation. 4. The air was rich with the scent of summer flowers. 5. The earthquake caused much damage. No loss of life was reported. 6. He often meets with misfortune. 7. He backed the car into the garage. 8. The child clung to its mother’s skirt. 9. Don’t encourage him in his idle ways. 10. I intended no hurt to his feelings.

C. 1. He didn’t want her to ask him any questions. 2. Pay attention to the spelling of the word. 3. She takes a keen interest in history. 4. He hoped he’d manage to gain his living. 5. Last night I had a wonderfuldream. 6. The train runs from London to Manchester. 7. Rich feeding does more harm than good. 8. They were looking at terraces rising from the sea. 9. Let us take an example. 10. Unfortunately, he missed the 5 p.m. train.

D. 1. The ship went aground. 2. It’s not easy to get on friendly terms with him. 3. Mr. Smith was asked to arbitrate the dispute. 4. The lawyers argued the case for hours. 5. He was placed behind prison bars. 6. His fingers were bitten by the frost. 7. Her failure to pass the examination was a great disappointment. 8. Where does the blame lie for our failure? 9. Large, black clouds announced a coming storm. 10. My life is entirely given up to work.

E. 1. The idea struck me greatly. 2. Don’t play the fool. 3. Mr. Smith consulted Mr. Green on the matter. 4. The mist lifted. 5. Snakes renew their skins. 6. He came across an interesting fact. 7. All-round co-operation among the countries is very important. 8. We are always short of time. 9. It takes an hour to get there. 10. They put forward two questions for discussion.

UNIT 5

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