Употребление артиклей с именами нарицательными
Основные правила употребления артиклей
Неопределенный артикль употребляется:
~ с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе, когда имеется в виду любой представитель данного класса лиц или предметов:
They live in alovely house.
I’m reading agood bookat the moment.
She’s expecting a baby.
~ когда существительное служит в предложении именной частью составного сказуемого и используется, чтобы описать, кем или чем является лицо или предмет, о котором говорится в предложении:
My brother is an engineer.
That’s an instrument for measuring distance.
~ когда существительное служит приложением:
John Bolton, a student of our University, took the first place in the chess tournament.
~ если перед существительным, употребляемом в общем смысле, можно поставить слово “every”
A computer canquickly make calculations, store and rearrange information.
Определенный артикль употребляется:
~перед существительными в единственном или множественном числе, когда из ситуации или контекста ясно, какое именно лицо или предмет имеется в виду:The room was in a mess. The books were onthe floor and on the chairs.
Where is the key? Mind the baby! She’s near the fire.
~ перед существительными, являющимися единственными в своем роде или в данной обстановке (the Queen, the Earth, the Atlantic):
The sun was getting warmer.
When goods have been loaded on a ship, the captain signs a receipt called a bill of lading.
~ перед названием определенных общественных мест, если они употребляются в общем смысле:
I went to the theatre last night. I’m going to the library.
I have to go to the post office.
Но: There isn't a theatre in this town. Where is a post office?
~ с существительными в единственном числе для обозначения целого класса предметов:
The thermometer becomes useless if the fluid in it either freezes or boils.
The telephone was invented in the 19-th century.
The pine grows in northern countries.
Однако в этих случаях артикль не употребляется со словомman. Слово woman чаще употребляется с определенным артиклем, хотя может употребляться и без артикля: Woman is man’s helpmate.
Определенный артикль может заменить указательные местоимения this и that. Иногда его следует перевести словом “этот”:
He is going to take a post-graduate course. I like the idea.
Упр.1.1.1.a. Поставьте существительные во множественное число, сделав все необходимые преобразования в предложении.
a. A dog is an animal.
b. A potato is a vegetable.
c. A pencil is like a pen.
d. A ruler is a thin rectangular wooden or plastic strip.
e. A test-tube is a hollow glass tube.
f. A writer writes a book.
g. The man who is sitting there is my friend.
h. The girl in that room is my sister.
i. The boy does his work well.
Упр.1.1.1.b. Поставьте существительные в единственное число, сделав все необходимые преобразования в предложении.
a. Horses are animals.
b. Boots are kinds of shoes.
c. Watches are small clocks.
d. Novels are books.
e. Children are not always good.
f. Stockings are long socks.
g. Schools are large buildings.
**Упр.1.1.1.c.Поставьте а/an,где необходимо.
a. I haven’t got computer.
b. I am not chemist, I am biologist.
c. You made very bad mistake.
d. It is convincing result.
e. Do you keep record of the results?
f. I work in theoretical research team
g. I’ve got very good idea.
h. It is standard method.
Упр.1.1.1.d. Поставьте the , где необходимо.
a. Which city is ___ capital of ___your country?
b. What is ___largest city in ___world?
c. Our apartment is on ___third floor.
d. Help! Fire! Somebody, call ___fire brigade.
e. Who was ___first man to walk on ___moon?
f. ”Where is ___your dictionary?” “ It’s on ___top shelf on ___right.”
g. We live in ___country, about five miles from ___nearest village.
h. ___Prime Minister is ___most important person in ___British government.
i. I don’t know everybody in ___this photograph. Who is ___man on ___left?
j. It was a very nice hotel but I don’t remember ___name.
k. I didn’t like her ___first time I met her.
Упр.1.1.1.e. Поставьте a/an, the , где необходимо.
a. I turned off ___ light, opened ____ door and went out.
b. Excuse me, can I ask ____ question, please?
c. Alan is ____ best player in our football team.
d. How far is it from here to ____ airport?
e. Enjoy your holiday and don’t forget to send me ____ postcard!
f. Have you got ____ ticket for ____ concert tomorrow night?
g. Yesterday I bought ____ jacket and ____ shirt.____ jacket was cheap but ____ shirt was expensive.
h. What is ____ name of ____ director of ____ film we saw ____ last night?
i. “Where are _____ children?” “They’re in ____ garden.”
j. My sister’s _____ teacher in ____ school near Leicester. She has three children, two girls and ____ boy. ____ girls are in her class at school, but ____ boy isn’t old enough for school yet.
k. Jane and Bill are ____ very nice couple. She has ____ clothes shop, and he works in ____ office in ____ centre of town.
l. “Where are my shoes?” “On ____ floor in ____ kitchen.”
m. “How much are the driving lessons?” “Fifteen pounds ____ hour.”
n. When you come to bed, can you put ____ cat out and turn off ____ light?
o. I went to ____ restaurant last night.
p. What’s _____ name of ____ restaurant we went to last night?
Упр.1.1.1.f. Выберите правильный вариант из каждой пары.
a. Potatoes / The potatoes are not expensive.
b. This is a good meal. Potatoes / The potatoes are very nice.
c. Everybody needs friends / the friends.
d. Jan doesn’t go to parties / the parties very often.
e. Children / The children learn things / the things very quickly.
f. I enjoy eating in restaurants / the restaurants.
g. I enjoy taking photographs / the photographs. It’s my hobby.
h. I must show you photographs / the photographs I took when I was on holiday.
**Упр.1.1.1g. Поставьтеthe, где необходимо.
Если перед такими существительными, как method, theory, effect, device и т.п. стоит имя собственное в притяжательном падеже, то артикль не употребляется: Seitz’s hypothesis, Whipple’s model
Если имя собственное стоит в общем падеже, то употребляется определенный артикль: the Holleffect, the Boltzman factor, the Gerrish drive, the Coulomb field.
a. The DNA was examined by ____ Klein-Smith method.
b. ____ Wilson’s model has been applied.
c. ____ Hodgkin-Huxley equations modified by Dodge have been solved.
d. The system is studied by ___ Smith’s method.
e. Measurements performed on Bi-Te alloys are compared with Seeback coefficients (S) using ___ Kelvin’s second relation P=ST.