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MEDICINE: HISTORY ( Part I)
In prehistoric times people believed that angry gods or evil spirits caused diseases. The first known surgical treatment was an operation called trepanation. It involved use of a stone instrument to cut a hole in a patient’s skull, perhaps to release evil spirits.
By about 3000 B.C. the Egyptians who had developed one of the world’s first great civilization began making important medical progress. Egyptian physicians began to specialize. Some physicians treated only diseases of the eyes or teeth. Others specialized in internal diseases. Other ancient Middle Eastern civilizations also contributed to medical progress. The ancient Chinese for example developed medical practices. They developed the practice of acupuncture. In ancient India the practice of medicine stressed the prevention as well as the treatment of illness. Indian surgeons successfully performed many kinds of operations, including amputations and plastic surgery. The civilization of ancient Greece was at its peak during the 400’s. The great physician Hippocrates began showing that disease has only natural causes. He thus became the first physician known to consider medicine a science and art separate from the practice of religion. The Romans got most of their medical knowledge from Egypt and Greece. Their own medical achievements were largely in public health. The Greek physician Galen who practiced medicine in Rome during the A.D. 100’s made the most important contributions to medicine in Roman times. He performed experiments on animals and used his findings to develop the first medical theories based on scientific experiments. For this reason he is considered the founder of experimental medicine. During the Middle Ages the Islamic Empire of Southwest and Central Asia contributed greatly to medicine. Avicenna, an Arab physician produced a great medical encyclopedia called Cannon of Medicine. It summed up the medical knowledge of the time and accurately described meningitis, tetanus, and many other diseases. The work became popular in Europe where it influenced medical education for more than 600 years.
V. Вопросы для обсуждения:
1. What did people believe in prehistoric times?
2. What was the first known surgical instrument?
3. How did they perform operations?
4. What did the Egyptians begin doing by about 3000 B.C.?
5. How did other ancient Middle Eastern civilizations also contribute to medical
progress?
6. Who developed the practice of acupuncture?
7. When was the civilization of ancient Greece at its peak?
8. What is Hippocratates famous for?
9. Where and when did the Greek physician Galen practice medicine?
10. What did Avicenna produce?
VI. Домашнее задание к следующему занятию.
1. Выучить грамматику урока 7.
2. Выучить лексику по темеMedicine: History (part I)
ОСНОВНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1. Учебник английского языка для медицинских вузов. – 3-е изд. Испр. и доп. – М.: Лист Нью, 2006. – 336 с. / под ред. Масловой А.М.
ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1. Черединова О.В. Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов факультета «Клиническая психология».(часть 1), 2012. – 102 с. (электронная версия).
Практическое занятие № 19
Тематический ( рубежный)тест по лексико-грамматическому материалу I семестра
I вариант
1. My friend … a dentist.
a) not will be
b) not be will
c) won’t be
d) will be no
2. У меня завтра не будет свободного времени.
a) Tomorrow I have no free time.
b) I will have free time tomorrow.
c) I will tomorrow have no free time.
d) I will have no free time tomorrow.
3. This disease is not common in развивающихся странах.
a) developed countries
b) countries which were developed
c) developing countries
d) develop countries
4. When I studied at school I ### interested in chemistry.
a) was
b) is
c) will be
d) be
5. I get up ### 7 0’clock.
a) in
b) on
c) at
d) about
6. Слово, которое не является частью тела…
a) thigh
b) forearm
c) research
d) extremity
7. Слово, которое не является названием мед. учреждения…
a) maternity home
b) clinic
c) hospital
d) library
8. It takes him three hours to finish …
a) he’s home assignments.
b) home assignments of him.
c) he home assignments.
d) his home assignments
9. There are 9 … in our university.
a) blocks
b) departments
c) deans
d) faculties
10. During the course of studies medical students don’t have any practical classes at the University.
a) You are absolutely right.
b) It not true
c) I don’t think so.
d) That’s true.
11. Местоимение в притяжательном падеже…
a) them
b) he’s
c) our
d) you
12. Слово, где сочетание сh читается как [K]…
a) choose
b) chemistry
c) child
d) cheese
13. В нашей группе нет плохих студентов.
a) No bad students are there in our group.
b) Bad students are not there in our group.
c) There are not bad students in our group.
d) There are no bad students in our group.
14. What is the aim of medicine?
a) healing
b) diagnosis
c) training
d) prevention
15. All medical students … know Hippocratic oath.
a) have to
b) must to
c) must
d) should to
16. Мне семнадцать лет.
a) I am seventy.
b) I am seventeen years.
c) I am seventeen years old.
d) I am seventy years old.
17. Неправильным глаголом является …
a) to cause
b) to receive
c) to develop
d) to meet
18. Назовите предложение в Past Simple.
a) He was come home at 8 o’clock.
b) He were come home at 8 o’clock.
c) He comes home at 8 o’clock.
d) He came home at 8 o’clock.
19. Profession of a doctor is ...
a) the most difficult
b) the latest
c) the least
d) the newest
20. Слово, которое читается не по правилу…
a) blood
b) took
c) look
d) tool
21. The brain is in the ### cavity.
a) chest
b) abdominal
c) oral
d) cranial
22. I don’t know if he can … English.
a) speaks
b) speak
c) spoke
d) speaked
23. We call Hippocrates ...
a) the father of immunology.
b) the father of medicine.
c) the father of antibiotics.
d) the father of modern surgery.
24. We … complete the work two days ago.
a) has to
b) have
c) don’t have to
d) didn’t have to
25. The doctor … patients for the heart disease.
a) were treating
b) have treated
c) was treated
d) treated
26. What connects the lower extremity with the trunk?
a) the neck
b) the pelvis
c) the cartilage
d) the shoulder girdle
27. Chemistry is … biology.
a) difficult
b) difficulter
c) as difficult as
d) most difficult
28. Существительным является слово …
a) contracted
b) contracting
c) contract
d) contraction
29. Укажите соответствия:
a) fiber 1) волокно
b) chamber 2) предсердие
c) valve 3) клапан
d) atrium 4) камера
5) сердце
30. Они не могли помочь нам.
a) They were not able to help us.
b) They can not help us
c) They could no help us.
d) They are not be able to help us.
31. To know English today is necessary for every educated person.
a) I disagree.
b) I’m fully agree with you.
c) You are absolutely wrong.
d) I agree with you.
32. Назовите правильный вопрос к предложению My friend studied at the medical faculty.
a) Where studied your friend?
b) Where was your friend study?
c) Where did your friend study?
d) Where was your friend studied?
33. Слово, которое не является анатомическим термином…
a) cartilage
b) abdomen
c) wisdom
d) joint
34. I … the answer to the question.
a) haven’t know
b) do not know
c) does not know
d) is not know
35. Расположите названия позвонков в правильной последовательности.
a) cervical
b) sacral
c) lumbar
d) thoracic
36. The ### is the organ of taste
a) stomach
b) language
c) tongue
d) heart
II вариант
1. Правильным глаголом является …
a) to receive
b) to rise
c) to meet
d) to get
2. Her son ### a pupil last year.
a) was
b) is
c) will be
d) be
3. Слово, не имеющее латино-греческого корня…
a) practice
b) magazine
c) pensioner
d) college
4. We will have two lectures …
a) a day before yesterday
b) a week ago
c) yesterday
d) tomorrow
5. The operation was performed ### a new method.
a) of
b) by
c) with
d) about
6. Они только что оценили результаты эксперимента.
a) They have just estimated the results of the experiment.
b) Now they estimate the results of the experiment.
c) They are estimating the results of the experiment.
d) Now they are estimated the results of the experiment.
7. Слово, которое не является названием факультета…
a) morphological
b) stomalogical
c) medical
d) pediatric
8. Мой любимый предмет – анатомия.
a) Anatomy my favourite subject.
b) Anatomy is my favourite subject.
c) My the favourite subject is anatomy.
d) My favourite subject anatomy.
9. What is the symbol of medicine?
a) the snake
b) the poison
c) the dog
d) the cup
10. What is a pre-clinical subject?
a) surgery
b) obstetrics
c) therapy
d) physiology
11. The Novosibirsk medical institute was founded…
a) in 1941
b) in 1975
c) in 1937
d) in 1935
12. Существительное во множественном числе…
a) man
b) child
c) teeth
d) mouse
13. Are you a first-year student?
a) Yes, is it.
b) Yes, you are.
c) Yes, it is.
d) Yes, I am.
14. Существует одна новая теория.
a) There is a new theory.
b) There is a new theory there.
c) It is a new theory.
d) This theory is new.
15. Существительным является слово …
a) associated
b) excellent
c) confidence
d) special
16. У нас обычно две лекции.
a) We usually have two lectures.
b) We have two usually lectures.
c) Two lectures we usually have.
d) We have usually two lectures.
17. Глаголом является слово …
a) founder
b) educated
c) important
d) strengthen
18. Назовите предложение, где –ed является определением.
a) The surgeon performed the operation successfully.
b) The surgeon described a new a method of treatment.
c) The operation was performed by the prominent surgeon.
d) A new method of treatment described in the report was very interesting.
19. It is difficult to diagnose a disease but it is … to cure it.
a) the most difficult
b) difficult
c) more difficult
d) the more difficult
20. Usually it … me an hour to get the university.
a) take
b) took
c) takes
d) taked
21. Lower extremity consists of ###, leg and foot.
a) shoulder
b) forearm
c) thigh
d) neck
22. Предложение, где глагол to have имеет модальное значение…
a) The surgeon hasn’t performed many operations yet.
b) The surgeon doesn’t have to perform the operation.
c) The physician has many patients.
d) The surgeon has little time to perform the operation.
23. Наречием является слово …
a) particularly
b) particular
c) particularity
d) particle
24. Его нет ни на работе, ни дома.
a) He is not at work and at home.
b) He is not neither at work nor at home.
c) He is not both at work and at home.
d) He isn’t either at work or at home.
25. Превосходная степень прилагательного little…
a) the letter
b) the littlest
c) the most little
d) the least
26. … the surgeon perform this operation successfully?
a) Is
b) Does
c) Do
d) Was
27. Can the first-year students treat heart diseases?
a) Yes, they cannot.
b) No, they can’t.
c) No, we cannot.
d) No, they can.
28. Слово, которое не является частью туловища.
a) thigh
b) breastbone
c) shoulder girdle
d) vertebrae
29. How many bones are there in the skeleton?
a) 250
b) 150
c) 180
d) 200
30. My friend … at the medical faculty.
a) is study
b) to study
c) was study
d) will study
31. 35-40% of the body is formed by ###.
a) the tissue
b) the bones
c) the muscles
d) the vessels
32. Расположите названия позвонков в правильной последовательности.
a) thoracic
b) sacral
c) cervical
d) lumbar
33. Слово, которое не является анатомическим термином…
a) female
b) vascular
c) madiastinum
d) ventricle
34. The … of the lungs is 3-4 liters.
a) the length
b) the size
c) the vital capacity
d) the weight
35. Слово, которое обозначает отдел желудочно-кишечного тракта…
a) stomach
b) valve
c) extremity
d) pleura
36. What is the largest gland in the body?
a) the pancreas
b) the gallbladder
c) the spleen
d) the liver