Ways of formation. Secondary ways of formation.
Ways of formation. Primary ways of formation.
1) by means of transferring the meaning of terminological word-groups, e.g. in cosmic technique we can point out the following phrases: “launching pad” in its terminological meaning is “стартовая площадка”, in its transferred meaning “отправной пункт”, “to link up”- стыковатьсяб стыковать космические корабли in its transformed meaning it means “знакомиться”
2) by a large group of phraseological units was formed free word groups by transforming their meaning, e.g. “granny farm”- пансионат для престарелых, “troyan horse”- компьютерная программа преднамеренно составленная для повреждения компьтера
3) by means of alliteration, e.g. “a sad sack”- несчастный случай , “culture vulture”- человек интересующийся искусством, “fudge and nudge”- уклончивость
4) by means of expressiveness, especially it is characteristic for forming interjections, e.g. My aunt! Hear, hear!
5) by means of distorting a word group, e.g. odds and ends was formed from odd ends
6) by using archaisms, e.g. in brown study – in gloomy meditation, here both components preserve their archaic meanings
7) by using a sentence in a different sphere of life, e.g. that cock won’t fight can be used as a free word-group when it is used in sports (cock fighting), it becomes a phraseological unit it is used in everyday life, because it is used metaphorically
8) when we use some unreal images, e.g. to have butterflies in the stomach – испытывть волнение, to have green fingers- преуспевать как садоводлюбитель
9) by using expressions of writers or polititions in everyday life, the winds of change –(McMillan), American dream (Alby), corridors of power (Snow)
1) by means of conversion, e.g. to vote with one’s feet was converted into vote with one’s feet
2) by changing the grammar form, e.g. make hay while the sun shines is transferred into a verbal phrase – to make hay while the sun shines.
3) by analogy, e.g. curiosity killed the cat was transferred into care killed the cat.
4) by contrast, e.g. cold surgery – a planned before operation was formed by contrasting it with acute surgery, thin cat – a poor person was formed by contrasting it with fat cat.
5) by shortening of proverbs or sayings, e.g.
6) by borrowing phraseological units from other languages, e.g. to take the bull by horns (Latin), living space (German)
Literature:
1. G.B. Antrushina “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1999
2. I.V. Arnold “The English Word”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1973, 1989
3. S.I. Ginsburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M. 1979
4. R.Z. Ginaburg “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1973
5. T.I. Arbekova “English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1977
Additional literature:
1. A.V. Minajeva, B.K.Trnolieva “Modern English Lexicology”, 1989
2. E.M. Mednikova “Seminars in English Lexicology”, “Vyssaja skola”, M.1978
Internet sources:
1. file: // A: // lexicographical problems.htm.
2. file: // A: // ling. Dictionaries.htm.
3. www.google.com.
4. www.yahoo.com
5. www.rambler.com
6. ftp: // ftp.clres.com/pub/clres/lexicology/primer.txt-2003
7. file: // A: / Lora. Doc/ from.Latin.htm-2003
8. Electronic book of the university:
Электронный учебник по лексикологии английского языка.
Составители: Сыздыкова Г.Н., Булатова С.М. Алматы, 2001
9. Multimedia lectures and seminars compiled by the instructor of English lexicology: senior teacher Asanova G.S.
Problematic questions:
- What are the difference between primary and secondary ways of formation of phraseological units?
- What makes the special study of types of idioms in English?
Subtheme # 4: “Different classification types of phraseological units”
Thesis: