Многофункциональные глаголы
NE
LME
EME
OE
13.
Grammatical categories and categorial forms of the verb
The origins of ModE irregular verbs
Minor groups of verbs
Weak verbs
Strong verbs
The morphological classification of verbs in ME and ENE
The non-finite forms (verbals)
1.OE beran à ME (to) beren à NE (to) bear
tō berenne - -
2.tō
3.ʒe- à i- / y-
4.{-ende} – in the North (OE)
5.{-end(e)} in the Midlands (OE)
6.{-ind(e)} – in the South (OE)
7.{-ing(e)} – the 13th century (ME)
8.{-ung / -ing}
9.{-n}
10.Cl. 3 ME finden /i:/ - the long vowel in the root
drinken /ı/ - the vowel remained short
11.was vs. were
12.{-d- / -t-}
OE 3b cl. helpan healp hulpon holpen
NE help helped helped
14.dig, wear (former OE weak verbs)
take (Scand.), thrive (Scand.), strive (OFr)
15.OE werian à ME werien à NE wear
16.OE 5 cl.
sp(r)ecan sp(r)æc sp(r)ǣcon sp(r)ecen
ME
speken spak speken spoken
17.OE 4th class
teran tær tǣron toren
18.OE wrāt / writon à ME wrote /ɔ:/
OE drāf / drifon à ME drof /ɔ:/
19.OE bītan bāt biton biten
ME biten bot /ɔ:/ biten biten
NE bite bit bitten
OE stelan stæl stǣlon stolen
ME stelen stal stelen stolen
NE steal stole stolen
20.The weak conjugation
21.OE libban
22.OE habban, secʒan
23. Table 1. Suffixes of weak verbs in ME
The Past Tense Participle II
Class I {-de} {-ed}
ME
Class II {-ed(e)} {-ed}
24.{-e-}
25./ə/
26.Homonymous
27.Thurven – сметь; dowen – годиться; unnen – даровать; munen – помнить; witen – знать
28.Own from aʒan, uncouth from coude/couðe
29.OE cann (Present Indicative Sg 1st pers. from cunnan) à ME can
30.ME couth(e) – became obsolete in
NE and died out
OE cūðe
ME coud(e) – was preserved
31.OE mæʒ à ME may
32.The ME Past Tense mighte à NE might
33.OE sceal à ME shal(l) à NE shall
34.Of full predication
35.Shall and should / ME sholde
36.Mōt and mōten
37.Mōste /o:/ à /u:/ à /u/ à /∧/
38.ME willen à NE will
39. NE ought to (modal)
OE āʒan
NE owe (notional)
40.OE durran à ME durren à NE dare
41.OE dōn à do /u:/
42.OE dyde à ME dide à NE did
43.Causative = каузативный
44.OE macian à ME maken à NE make
45.OE ʒān à ME goon à NE go
46. Wente instead of OE ēōde from OE wendan, wv, cl. 1 à ME wenden à NE wend (Inf.) / NE went (Past Tense of go)
47.OE bēōn à ME bee /e:/ à NE be /i:/
48.Sellan, tǣcan
sellan salde / sealde sald / seald
sellen salde /sa:ldə/ sald /sa:ld/
sell sold /sɔ:ld/ sold /sɔ:ld/
sell sold /sɜʊld/ sold /sɜʊld/
50.OE cēpan cēpte cēpt
EME kepen /e:/ kepte /e/ kept /e/
NE keep /i:/ kept /e/ kept /e/
51.Sleep, weep – former cl. VII strong verbs
52.Feel – former cl. I weak verb
53.{-t/-d}
54.OE mētan mētte mētt
NE meet met met
55.{-t/-d}
56.<e> = /ə/
57.OE settan – sette
58./ə/
59.OE macian macode macod
ME maken makede maked
NE make made made
60.Auxiliary
61.Idiomatic
62.No syntactic concord
63.OE Habban + a direct object + Participle II of a transitive verb
64.OE Hīē hæfdon hīēra cyning ā worþēnne
65.OE Ic hæfde hine ʒebundenne = I had him in-a-state-of-being-bound
66.Bēōn + Participle II of intransitive verbs
67.OE Nū is sē dæʒ cumen = now the day is/has come)
68.ME Now /u:/ he is gone
69.Ben /e:/
70.Haven
71.LME This gentleman is happily arriv’d
72.ENE The king himself is rode to view their battle (W. Shakespeare, Henry V)
73.To be gone
74.OE weorþan (to become) + Participle II of transitive verbs
75.OE bēōn (to be) / wesan + Participle II
76.OE Hē wēārþ ofslæʒen = he was slain
77.ME Engendered /en′dʒendəd/ is the flour /flu:r/ = the flower is born
78.Bēōn
79.Weorþan
80.ME becomen, geten, semen
81.Ben /e:/ + Participle II
82.ME Sininge he /e:/ was … al /a/ the dai /daı/
83.OE bēōn à EME ben /e:/ + Participle I
84.Continuous vs. non-continuous
85.OE Sēō ēā bið flōwende ofer eal Aegypta land
86.Futurity
87.Shall / will (from sculan / willan)
88.Were he here now, he would be laughing
89.Should/would + the Indefinite Infinitive
90.Should/would + the Perfect Infinitive
91.Ben /e:/