Changes in the Nominal System
46.
45.
44.
43.
42.
41.
40.
18.
ME Consonants
First Lengthening
ME diphthongs
ME Vocalization
/j/ after the front vowels /e/, /æ/
/w/, /ɣ/ after the back vowels /a/, /o/
dæʒ /ɣ’/ à daʒ /j/ à day /daı/
læʒ /ɣ’/ à lay /laj/ à lay /laı/
weʒ /ɣ’/ à /j/ à way /weı/
āʒan /ɣ/ à owen /ɔ:uən/
draʒan /ɣ/ à drawen /drauən/
straw /straw/ à straw /strau/
66.The glide -u- developed from OE /w/ and also before /l/, /χ/. The consonants /l/, /χ/ were not vocalized:
Brāhte /χ/ àbraughte /brauχtə/
/aı/, /eı/, /au/, /ou/ and /ɔı/
/mb/ld/nd/rd/ng/
Hund /u/ à hound /u:/
Wild /ı/ à wild /i:/
Cildru /ı/ à children /ı/
Cēpte /e:/ à ME kepte /e/
69. Second Lengthening(12th-13th cc.)
/a/ à /a:/ talu à tale
/e/ à /ɛ:/ specan à spęken
/o/ à /ɔ:/ nosu à nose
/i/ à /e:/ wicu à week /e:/
/u/ à /o:/ duru à dore
The replacement of /i/u/ by /e:/o:/ was characteristic primarily of the Northern dialects, took place in the 2nd half of the 13th c.
70.-iʒ
71.The system of vowels in ME was no longer symmetrical
/k’/ à /t∫/
cild à child
benc à bench
cicen à chicken
cin à chin
/sk’/ à /∫/
scip à ship
scēāp à sheep /e:/
scīnan à shinen /i:/
/g:’/ à /dʒ/
hrycʒ à ridge
henʒe à hinge
73.In the initial clusters /hn-/, /hl-/, /hr-/, /hw-/ /h/ was lost in ME:
OE hnutu à ME nute à ModE nut
74.The initial /f/ was replaced by /s/ in /fn-/:
OE fnēōsan à ME fnēse à snese /sne:zə/ à ModE sneeze
75. Fricatives in OE – allophones
/f/ vs. /v/ in spelling <f>
/s/ vs. /z/ in spelling <s>
/Ө/ vs. /ð/ in spelling <þ/ð>
76. Fricatives in ME – phonemes
Veyne /′veinə/ (vein) vs. feine /′feinə/ (feign)
77.Offren /f:/ à/f/ (offer) vs. ofer /v/ (over)
78.fV- : vV-; sV- : zV-
Vocal vs. focal
79.Voicing of /f/ and /s/ inKentish
Synna vs. Kent. zenne Free vs. Kent. vrē
Silver vs. Kent. zelver Fæt vs. Kent. vat
80.Risen à rise /ri:zə/ à /raiz/
/i:/ à /ij/ à /eı/ à /æı/ à /aı/
19./u:/ à /uw/ à /ou/ à /aυ/
20.Table 1. The Great Vowel Shift
ME | NE | Examples from ME | Examples from NE | |
i: | aı | mynd /i:/ time /ti:mə/ side /si:də/ | mind /aı/ time /taım/ side /saıd/ | |
e: | i: | kepen /e:/ field /e:/ bee /be:/ seen /e:/ | keep /i:/ field /i:/ be /bi:/ see /si:/ | |
ɛ: | e: | i: | sea /sɛ:/ (OE sǣ) beat /bɛ:t/ (OE bēātan) clean /klɛ:n/ (OE clǣne) | sea /si:/ beat /bi:t/ clean /kli:n/ |
a: | æı | eı | maken /a:/ name /a:/ sane /a:/ | make /eı/ name /eı/ sane /eı/ |
ɔ: | o: | oυ | oak /ɔ:k/ throat /Өrɔ:t/ soo /sɔ:/ | oak /oυk/ throat /Өroυt/ so /soυ/ |
o: | u: | moon(e) /o:/ do /o:/ (OE dōn) tool /o:/ | moon /u:/ do /u:/ tool /u:/ | |
u: | aυ | noun /u:/ now /u:/ about /u:/ (OE ābūtan) | noun /naυn/ now /naυ/ about /ə'baυt/ |
21./a/ à /æ/
That /a/ à that /æ/
Man /a/ à man /æ/
22.Want /want/ à /wɒnt/
OE wæs à ME was /was/ à NE /wɒz/
23./e/ à /a/ before /r/
24.<ar>
25.clerk, Derby, sergeant
26.<ear>
Sterre à star
Herte à hart/heart
Were à war
Herthe à hearth
27./u/ à /∧/ = delabialisation
28./p/b/f/
Cut /u/ à cut /∧/
Comen /kumən/ à come /∧/
Lufu à love /u/ à love /∧/
¹But: put, pull, full, bull, etc
²But: puff, bucket, puck, etc
29./aı / à /eı/:
XIII c. dai /daı/ à XIV c. day /dæı/ à
XV c. /dæ:/ à XV – XVI cc. /dɛ:/ à /de:/ à XVIII c. /deı/
30.ME /eu/ (spelt <eu>, <ew>) developed through /iu/ to /ju:/. Scholars believe that this originally falling diphthong changed into a rising one:
/éu/ à /eú/,
then the initial element was reduced to /j/, the 2nd element was lengthened:
/iu/ or /eu/ à /íu/ à/iú/ à /ju:/
OE fēāwe à ME few /feú/ à /fiu/ à /fju:/
31.ME /au/ was contracted to /ɔ:/ in the XVI c., while the spelling <au>, <aw> remained unchanged (cause, dawn, autumn):
ME lawe /lauə/ à NE law /lɔ:/
32.Table 2. Vocalization of /r/
ME | NE | Comments |
care /ka:rə/ | /kɛər/ | The /r/ element was only sounded if the next word began with a vowel |
there /Өɛ:rə/ bear /bɛ:r/ | /ðɛər/ /bɛər/ | See above |
fear /fɛ:r/ | /fıər/ | See above |
steer /ste:r/ OE hēr /he:r/ à ME here | /stıər/ /hıə/ | See above |
boar /bɔ:r/ OE māra à ME mōre /ɔ:/ | /bɔə/ à /bɔ:r/ /mɔə/ à /ɔ:/ | The diphthong /ɔə/ was not stable; was monophthongised quickly |
poore /po:rə/ moor /mo:r/ | /pυər/ /mυər/ | The /r/ element was only sounded if the next word began with a vowel |
tire /ti:r/ wire /wi:r/ | /taıər/ /waıə/ | If the neutral /ə/ produced by the vocalization of /r/ was preceded by a diphthong, it was added to the diphthong to join a sequence of sounds named ‘triphthong’ |
power /pu:ər/ OE ūre /u:rə/ à our | /paυər/ /aυə/ |
33./ıə/, /ɛə/, /υə/
34.ME arm /arm/ à NE /a:m/
35./ə/
36.The new phonemes /ıə/, /ɛə/, /υə/, /ɔə/, biphonemic sequences /aıə/, /aυə/
37.The vocalization of /r/ after /e/, /u/ à /∧/, /ı/ resulted in the new phoneme /3:/:
fir, certain, her, curt, fur
But: if /r/ was followed by a vowel, /∧/ was preserved: hurry /h∧rı/
38.word/word/ à/wurd/ à /w3:d/
39.ME NE
rider(e) /'ri:dərə/ à /'ri:dər/ à /'raıdə/
(1) /a > æ > æ: > a:/ before /f, s, Ө, r/ and other consonants and clusters (ask, fast, grasp) at the end of words:
XV XVI-XVII XVIII
glass /æ/ /æ:/ /a:/
after /æ/ /æ:/ /'a:ftə/
(2) /a > au > a:/ before /l/ + /m, f, v/, in ENE /l/ was dropped:
XIV XV XVI
calm /kaulm/ /kaum/ /ka:m/
half /haulf/ /hauf/ /ha:f/
(3) /a > a:/ in the words of French origin before a nasal sonorant:
ME branch /brant∫/ à NE /bra:nt∫/
(4) /au > ɔ:/
XVI XVII
draw /drau/ /drɔ:/
(5) /a > au > ɔ:/ before /l/ + /k, t/ or before /l/ in the final position
XIV XV XVI-XVIII
hall /hal/ /haul/ /hɔ:l/
salt /salt/ /sault/ /sɔ:lt/
walke /walkə/ /waulk/ à /wauk/ à /wɔ:k/
(6) /ɔ > ou > au > ɔ:/ before /χ/ + /t/; b/n the sounds /ɔ/ and /χ/ developed the glide /u/ that resulted in the diphthong:
XIII XIV XV XVI
broghte brought brought brought
/'brɔχtə / /'brouχtə/ /braut/ /brɔ:t/
(7) /ɔ > ɔ:/ before /f, s, Ө, r/ at the end of words or before some other consonants (broth, cross):
XIV XVI
ford /fɔrd/ /fɔ:d/
for /fɔr/ /fɔ:/
47.Shortening before /Ө/d/t/k/
book /o:/à /u:/ à /υ/
deed /dɛ:d/ à /e:/ à /e/ (ModE dead)
48./ɛ:/ à /e/
Bread, fret, let, ate, sweat
49./e:/ à /e/
Friend
50./i:/ à /ı/
Breeches, sick
51./ɔ:/ à /ɒ/
Gone, hot, sorry, shone, sausage
52./sj, zj, tj, dj/ à /∫, ʒ, t∫, dʒ/
53./h/
ME hit à NE it
ME hope /hɔ:pə/ à NE hope /hoυp/
54.Initial /kn-/, /gn-/ à /n-/
ME knowen /kn-/ à NE know /noυ/
55.Final cluster /mb-/ à /m-/ (lamb, dumb, comb, bomb)
OE climban à ME climben /kl-/ à climb /klaım/
But:inthumb, limb, numb, crumb <b> was introduced
56.Final /mn-/ à /m-/: damn, hymn, column, autumn
57.In the middle of words:
/ln-/ à /l-/: OE myln à mill
/stl-/ à /sl-/: castle, bustle, bristle
/stn-/ à /sn-/: fasten, glisten
/stm-/ à /sm-/: Christmas
/ftn-/ à /fn-/ often, soften
58./s/f/Ө/ were voiced
NE possess /pə'zes/
observe /əb'z3:v/
ME /'fi∫əs/ à NE /'fi∫iz/ – the 2nd condition – a succeeding stressed vowel – was less important.
59./ŋ/
OE sinʒan /-ng/
ME singen /-ng/
NE sing /-ŋ/
60./d/ à /ð/ in the neighbourhood of /r/
Fader à father
Moder à mother
Gadere à gather
Weder à weather
Togedere à together