Metonymy is transference of a name of one object to another object. Metonymic transference of names is based upon the principle of contiguity of the two objects.
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Litotes is a specific variant of meiosis.
This figure of quantity is opposite in meaning to hyperbole. Meiosis is a deliberate diminution of a certain quality of an object or phenomenon.
Assigned features. Meiosis underlines insignificance of such qualities of objects and phenomena as their size, volume, distance, time, shape, etc. The domain of meiosis is colloquial speech.
Соmmunicative function. Meiosis makes speech expressive.
Examples:
There was a drop of water left in the bucket.
It was a cat-size pony.
August can do the job in a second.
Cary and Jane's house is one minute from here.
The guy is so disgusting! He is a real microbe.
Можна ще крапельку супу?
Зачекайте хвилинку. Він пару секунд тому побіг до друга, що живе у трьох кроках звідси, і зараз повернеться.
LITOTES
Assigned features. Litotes has a peculiar syntactic structure. It is a combination of the negative particle "not " and a word with negative meaning or a negative prefix. Such a combination makes positive sense: "not bad" means "good", "not unkind" means "kind", etc.
Litotes is used in all functional styles of English.
Communicative functions. Litotes extenuats positive qualities of objects or phenomena. It makes statements and judgments sound delicate and diplomatic. It also expresses irony.
Examples:
After the brawl Julia was not dissatisfied with herself.
Martin is not without sense of humour.
The decision was not unreasonable.
The venture was not impossible.
John's behaviour was not disrespectful.
Biн не якийсь там жалюгідний жебрак і не просить вас зробити
неможливе.
Бачу, що ви обурені не без причини.
Не те щоб він не знав можливостей свого бюджету, і не завжди ж був
таким недалекогляним, але цього разу вирішив запросити дружину до театру, оскільки, не хлібом єдиним живе людина.
METONYMY
Assigned features. As a rule, metonymy is expressed by nouns, less frequently - by substantivized numerals. That is why the syntactic functions and positions of metonymic words are those of the subject, object and predicative.
Classification. Metonymy may be lexical and contextual (genuine). Lexical metonymy is a source of creating new words or new meanings: table's leg, teapot's nose, a hand (instead of a worker), the press (instead of people writing for newspapers), grave (instead of death), the cradle (instead of infancy), etc. Such metonymic meanings are registered in dictionaries. It is obvious that lexical metonymy is devoid of stylistic information. Contextual metonymy is the result of unexpected substitution of one word rther in speech. It is fresh and expressive:
This pair of whiskers is a convinced scoundrel.
Communicative functions. Stylistic metonymy builds up imagery, points out this or another feature of the object described, and makes speech economical.
More examples:
The sword is the worst argument in a situation like that.
The other voice shook his head and went away.
The messenger was followed by a pair of heavy boots.
The fish swallowed her death and the float went down.
I wish you had Gary's ears and Jack's eyes.
Linda gave her heart to the grocer's young man.