Types of heads.
The Intonation Group
Differences with the Russian language
1. Good morning! Доброе утро!
Good night! Доброй ночи!
2. She’s as pretty as her mother. Она так же хороша как и ее мать.
3. He did not say a word. Он не сказал ни слова.
4. In English the final stress does not fall on the last element in the word combinations: ‘and so on’, ‘and so forth’, ‘in a day or two’ etc.
and so on И так далее.
He will come in a day or two. Он придет через день или два.
5. In English general questions the final stress falls on the adverbials or on direct object following the verb (in Russian on the verb).
Do you speak English? Вы говорите по-английски?
Will you go home? Ты пойдешь домой?
An intonation group may be a whole sentence or a part of it. In either case it may consist of a single word or a number of words. An intonation group has the following characteristics: 1. It has at least one accented (stressed) word carrying a marked change in pitch (a rise, a fall…). 2. It is pronounced at a certain rate and without any pause within it.
The pitch-and-stress pattern or the intonation pattern of the intonation group consists of the following elements:
1. the pre-head – unstressed or partially stressed syllables which precede the first full stressed syllable;
2. the head (scale, body) – the intonation pattern extending from the first stressed syllable up to (but not including) the nuclear syllable;
3. the nucleus – the syllable bearing the nuclear (terminal) tone;
4. the tail – unstressed or partially stressed syllables following the nucleus.
He told me he would think of it.
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pre-head head nucleus tail
There are different types of pre-heads, heads and tails.
Head patterns are classified into three groups: descending, ascending and level according to the way it begins from the point of view of pitch movement.
Descending heads move down from a medium or a high pitch level to the low one. The first stressed syllable is the highest.
In the stepping head the stressed syllables gradually descend in pitch levels, unstressed or partially stressed syllables are pronounced on the same level as the preceding stressed ones. This head conveys the impression of the balanced, active, “normal” mood of the speaker.
I don’t want to go to the cinema.
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The unstressed syllables may gradually descend in pitch too. In this case the head is called a falling head.
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A fall in pitch may not be gradual but rather jumpy which is achieved by a considerable lowering of the pitch inside the stressed syllables or by pronouncing unstressed syllables at a much lower level than the preceding stressed ones. Such a head is called the sliding head. It usually reflects an excited state of mind and, sometimes, a highly emotional attitude to the situation.
I don’t want to go to the cinema.
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Ascending heads are the opposite of the descending heads: their stressed syllables move up by steps with the intervening unstressed ones continuing the rise and in this case it is a rising head.
I don’t want to go to the cinema.
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If the voice moves up jumpy the head is called climbing. Unstressed syllables glide up too.
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In level heads all the syllables are pronounced on the same level (or gradually ascends towards the nucleus) either high or medium or low. So there are three level heads correspondingly. It is shown by the tone mark before the first stressed syllable. [ ]
Low head conveys an impression ranging from cool and indifferent to sulky and hostile.