Реферат: Рекламирование (Advertising)
Advertising
As we begin to examine how advertising works and how we may best make it work for us, it’s important that we first view in proper perspective this marketing activity that has been going for so many centuries. Let’s look at advertising in the past, at the part it has played historically in our lives. Advertising has changed, as we have changed. If you had been a young Roman soldier in the occupation army in Gaul, spending an afternoon at the chariot races at the stadium at Names, you would have been exposed to advertising.
If you, in your former life, were a tall straight-nosed Grecian beauty strolling the streets of Corinth, with your market basket on your ears would have assailed by the cries of street vendors broad calling their wares for sale. On walls and buildings you would have read advertisements of a wide variety of products and, most likely, there would have been some “lost – and – found” notices too.
Because the notices on Roman walls often began with the Latin words si quis (If anyone) as in ‘If anyone has information’, or, “If anyone wishes to obtain”, for many centuries afterward any poster advertisement in England or in America was known as a siqui?
The Advertising Broker
It was in this time of the growing attractiveness of periodicals to the national advertiser that the modern advertising agency had its beginning. Brokers purchased space from publications at whole sale rates, and resold space to the advertiser at whatever markup the cold demand.
In a larger sense, however, the agency’s chief service in this early period was to promote the general use of advertising, and to aid in discovering cheaper and more effective ways of marketing goods.
The shift from “advertising broker” to “advertising agent” was very important; the emphasis had been changed from working for the interests of the publication to serving the interests of the advertiser. Thus today all of the advertising agency’s services are directed toward helping the advertiser achieve his marketing goals.
Advertising Grows up
In the fist decades of the 20th century, advertising underwent two marked and significant changes. The first was the recognition by advertising of its responsibilities to society and business. This recognition of responsibility was evidenced by the formation of numerous organizations whose goals were the improvement in the effectiveness of advertising and control over its taste and honesty.
The second significant development in the early 1900s was the emergence of the nation and regional advertising agency in much the same forms as we recognize it today. Advertising agencies are tightly geared just to provide the advertiser with all those services that will enable him to invest his advertising dollars most effectively.
The New Face of Advertising
The third development in modern advertising, and perhaps the most interesting and significant of all, occurred in the first decades of the last century. Their ingenuity, imagination, and restless curiosity changed the face of advertising. It changed from something that was basically a ‘notice’ or a simply an attention-caller, to a logical, carefully thought-out selling tool fully integrated with the marketing strategy.
The Marketplace and What Happens in it
There’re as many definition of marketing as there are authors of textbooks on the subject. Let’s look at a couple of them:
Richard R. Still and Edward W. Cundiff call it “the business process by which products are matched with markets and through which transfers of owner ship are affected”.
William J. Stanton calls marketing “a total system of interacting business activities designed to plan , price, promote , and distribute want-satisfying products and services to present and potential customers” (more precise definition).
The American Marketing Association defines marketing as being made up of ‘the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user’.
This is a simple explanation of what happens. The key phrases are: ‘from producer to consumer ’, and ‘the flow of goods’.
This is the fate of every product as it makes its way from the manufacturer’s loading platform to its final destination – into your hands. A great many things happen to it.
Advertising is one of the things that happen. These forces all work together.
1. The quality, appearance, and performance of the product.
2. How much it costs.
3. Where you can buy it.
4. The promotional efforts, including advertising, that help to sell it.
Sometimes advertising can be very important. For another product, distribution may be the vital force.
The Consumer and Why He Acts the Way He Does
Images
The ‘image makers’ are all around us, and they are not confined to advertising. Publicists and press agents, retained by individuals, are paid to develop or change images. The Hollywood drum – beaters have in the past created ‘sex kittens’ out of some very ordinary country girls.
Corporate Images
People, through their own efforts or the efforts of others, can reflect a certain image. Business can also fix a certain place for them in the public regard. To many large companies the ‘corporate image’ is very important and carefully protected. Sometimes a company must fight to overcome an industry image. This is about corporate images for big companies. Does this apply to a smaller businessman? It certainly does. When a local retailer institutes a policy of ‘return the merchandise and your money refunded with no questions asked’, the seller is saying to the consumer, “I’m the kind of strait, honest guy you can trust me”. For example, a jeweler in a small town who appears on TV every now and then, talks about his merchandise. He is talking about them with pride and affection and knowledge. There’s absolutely nothing professional about his accent or his delivery. Honest jeweler with whom you’d like to do a business.
Trade Marks, Labels, and Logotypes
To help remember who is doing the talking, companies and products have ways of branding themselves just as a rancher brands a calf so that he can distinguish it from other ranchers’ calves.
The ‘brands’ fall into different categories:
Brand names: Usually this is a mad – up name which should be unique and memorable. Copywriters often spend hours thinking up new names for products. Some well – known trade names are Exxon, Teflon, and Maybelline.
Symbols: These are literally ‘brands’ which could be reproduced in iron and burned into surface.
Names: To help keep its name memorable.
Logotypes: You will usually find these at the base of the advertisement, and often they are a combination of the company name, a symbol, and slogan if they have one.
Labels: By means of color and design, labels brand a family of products, such as Campbell Soup, Maxwell House Coffee.
Trade characters: The symbol can be a human or a cartoon character.
Layout design: Sometimes a brand will immediately identify itself by the design of its advertising layout.
Slogans: These are catchy, memorable lines that put a ‘handle’ on the company. For example Coca Cola’s “It’s the real thing” or “You can be sure if it’s Wasting House”.
It’s important to be very careful while thinking up a brand name for a product. Many brand names have been thought up, registered, and never used. All slogans, symbols, names, and so on, must be ‘searched’.
The Different Kinds of Advertising
Advertising people recognize a number of different kinds of forms of advertising. They are differentiated from one another according to the different jobs they are designed to do. Now let’s take a look at these different kinds of advertising, and we will fix in our minds the role they play in the marketing process.
Institutional or Corporate Advertising
This often projects an image of the company. It’s just as important for a company to have a good character and a good reputation as it is for individual business person, and for exactly for the same reasons. Your name has a great deal to do with the consumer – buying decision. The fact is, all companies have characters and personalities of their own, and those characteristics affect their relationship with buyers and sellers alike.
Trade or Professional Advertising
Ordinarily you don’t see trade or professional advertising unless you pick up a publication directed to a particular trade or a profession. There’re a great many of these publications, and manufacturers fill them with advertising addressed to retailers. The messages to the retailer are very different from those addressed to the consumers. In trade advertising, the manufacturer tells the retailer what he can do for him in terms of the marketing mix – new, attractive products, money – making volume, and profit spreads, ingenious distribution plans, and exciting promotional programs.
Retail Advertising
You see and hear retail advertising every day. Without it, most newspapers and radio stations would not be able to exist. And our television station might find itself somewhat pressed. In most cities of any size, department store advertising represents an important source of income for newspapers.
Promotional Retail Advertising
At Christmas, at back – to – school time, and at many other times during the year, we can see a special kind of retail advertising. This is advertising that does not directly advertise the products, but advertises the promotion of a product or group of products. If a famous author is going to sign autographs at the book store, or if a chef is going to give omelet cooking lessons in the kitchen – wares section of the department store, every effort must be made to let as many people as possible know about the event. Often store promotions are sponsored by manufacturers. A cosmetic manufacturer may make a ‘beauty consultant’ available. A manufacturer of women’s sports car may provide a traveling fashion show. If so, the supplier often pays for all or part of the promotion.
Industrial Advertising
Industrial advertising is simply advertising directed to a customer who happens to be an industry. Most people are not particularly conscious of industrial advertising because they have little occasion to see the publications in which it appears. But there’s hardly an industry we might think of – from steel to coal, or from perfume to fishing – that doesn’t have its own ‘trade book’ devoted to the interests of the industry. Some of the businesses that advertise in a publication directed to the fishing industry are: boat builders, rope makers, engine manufacturers, makers of depth – sounding equipment, marine hardware manufacturers, paint manufacturers, and publishers of nautical charts and books.
Trade Association Advertising
If you work for a manufacturer, the chances are very good that your company pays annual dues, is devoted to your broad industry wide interests.
This kind of advertising, which encourages the consumption or use of cotton, leather, bananas, or mild, is known to marketing people as ‘primary advertising’. It’s differentiated from ‘selective advertising’ that promotes a particular brand of cotton, leather, and so on.
National Consumer Advertising
National consumer advertising is the kind that makes up the bulk of the advertising you read in your magazines and see on TV. For the most part it is product advertising by the manufacturer, appealing directly to the person who will make the purchase at the store.
The People Who Make Advertising
It can make us be surprised to know how many people in our hometown are concerned with the making and running of advertising.
Not knowing who can do what, and for how much, can turn out to be expansive. The day may not be far off when you will be given the responsibility for producing a booklet for your company or getting a 30 – second television commercial made. It is important to know the services that are available to you in your area, and to be acquainted with their individual capabilities.
Marketing Services
The principle of the advertising agency should and probably will have a good grasp of marketing theory. This person will undoubtedly have a good knowledge of the marketing situation in the community and in the region he is working in. He should be able to sit down with the sales manager and to work out a sensible marketing plan for the product he will advertise. He should know the demographics of the region, and the tastes and background of its people.
Copy
The advertising agency should be able to provide the company with headlines and body text that are attractive, interesting, and hard selling.
Art
Attractive, clean, well – designed layouts should be presented to the company for each ad the agency makes.
In addition, the advertising agency should have the capability of purchasing photographs, drawings, and other art work for the company.
Media
The company is going to need expert advice on the amount of advertising the company will run, and where to run it. The advertising agency should know media (all the vehicles by which advertising is brought to the consumers); have the means for placing orders for time and space, and promptly and accurately provide the company with invoices and records.
Radio – TV
The agency will be able to have prepared and produced for the company radio and television commercials of competitive creative ability and quality and in a wide price range.
How Advertising Is Written
The Copywriter
Copywriter is the person who conceives and writes advertising. The responsibility for writing ads and commercials rests with the copywriter. But in smaller agencies this task is often performed by someone who might also be an account executive.
In fact, in times when agency profits are slimming, even the larger agencies begin to seek out people who can be both account executives and copywriters.
What Does The Copywriter Do?
The term copywriter is not an exact job description. It could mean ‘the person who writes the words that go into the ad or commercial’. But that is not quite it. It’s not as simple as that. The writer doesn’t just write words. He or she creates selling ideas that are expressed in words and sounds and pictures.
Fortunately the copywriter doesn’t have to work alone – at least not in big agencies. Before and after the act of getting something down on paper, there are account executives, research directors, marketing directors, and art directors with solace, help, and advice. But, of course, the greatest deal of the work belongs to the copywriter.
What Is a Copywriter?
Writing advertising copy is hard work. It is hard work because
1. it is constantly demanding;
2. it calls for the command of a variety of writing styles;
3. it calls for a peculiar combination of natural talents and inclination that rarely occurs in one person.
How an Ad Is Written
Before a copywriter gets to the point of actually putting on paper the words for the ad or commercial, he has gone through several steps.
1. He has taken a good look at the market segment, and knows the kind of people he will be talking to.
2. He has diligently searched for the Main Attraction, and has it firmly fixed in mind.
3. He has also sought out the Subsidiary Main Attraction – the other advantages that are built into the product.
4. He has determined the most important benefits that his product can offer the buyer.
5. In terms of psychological “needs and desires”, he has calculated which of these benefits will have the greatest appeal to the consumer.
6. He has begun to run over in his mind the ways in which this appeal may be expressed.
It is their work to sit and think, hoping to catch that flash of inspiration that will make the reader stay and read.
How Good Ads Act
It is important to know the way advertising achieves the five basic steps of getting attention, creating interest, stimulating desire, imparting conviction, and asking for the order. It’s not enough that an ad should take the required steps. The real test comes while realizing how well the steps were done.
Getting Attention
Of course, we have seen and read very many ads, even if we weren’t interested in them. Every time something makes us to read these advertisements. So it can be interesting what it might have been.
THE HEADLINES:
1. The headline talked directly to you. Chances are, it used the pronouns “you” or “your”. But, it didn’t leave any doubt that it was talking right at and to you – and not someone down the street.
2. The headline said it was going to do something for you. Or, it was going to show you how you could do something for yourself. The world is full of people who want to know how to do things – how to be happier, how to have a clearer complexion, how to be more secure etc.
3. The headline made you wonder. “What’s it all about?” Maybe it offered you something brand – new, different, better, or something you’d never been able to get hands on before. That’s why we will see headline words such as “At last”, “Now”, “New”, “Announcing”, “Here’s”.
4. The headline gives you a promise of the good things to come. For example, it can be a soap, which is kinder to your skin or a cream, which makes you to get thinner and thinner. The copywriter probably has some very good and interesting things to say about the product.
Creating Interest
Sometimes people complain about ads and commercials that bore them stiff. They hate those ads. So the copywriters try to find ways to make people be interested in the product they are advertising. It’s one of the most difficult things for copywriters.
Stimulating Desire
A good piece of copy makes you want what it has to sell. This, as every good salesperson knows, is the heart of the selling proposition.
It is not enough to offer a furniture polish that will make tables glow more attractively; the ad must make the buyer see herself being complimented by her friends. It is not enough to save money or invest it wisely; ad must make the customer see themselves at the rail of cruise ship, reaping the benefits of such a saving or investment program.
Time after time, all through the history of advertising, the most successful ads as measured by their coupon returns have made the prospect see him.
What It Takes to Be a Copywriter
Writing successful advertising copy is a tough and demanding job. It takes knowledge of basic selling fundamentals; a polished writing talent; the opportunity to have learned and absorbed and benefited from the coaching of the best of the business; and it takes experience.
There are people around, including advertising people, who feel that writing successful advertising copy is not so very difficult. But studying the procedure of making ads we will understand that the copywriter picks up a pencil with the seriousness of taking a scalpel.
Writing a successful ad is much more difficult than removing an appendix; and it takes at least as much skills, knowledge, and experience. Fortunately, bungling the copywriting job won’t cost someone’s life – just a few thousand dollars in lost sales, somebody’s job or business.
Advertising Design, Art Director and Copywriter
Nothing happens with the piece of copy until someone breaths life into it. Nothing happens with the radio commercial until sound technicians and musicians and actors do their work. And the greatest piece of newspaper or magazine copy is lifeless until someone visualizes its appearance and arranges its parts in the most effective way possible.
That “someone” is called an art director.
The fact is that no two segments of an advertising agency have so much in common as art and copy – although this may come as news to some art directors and writers. The mode of expression is different (one use a typewriter, the other a drawing pencil), but the goal is identical. Both are in the business of getting a message across with a fresh approach.
Making Layout
When art director and copywriter are satisfied that they have a good visualization for their ad, the art director proceeds to make a layout. The layout is drawn to the actual dimensions of the finished ad.
Art directors recognize a number of different elements that may play a part in the making of a layout. They are:
· Headlines Picture caption
· Subhead Trademark
· Main illustration Slogan
· Subsidiary illustration Logotype or signature
· Body text White space
Of course, all these do not occur in every layout; but it is the art director’s job to arrange the elements so that the design of the ad is eye – catching and attractive.