16.   click

Miss Fromsett's elegant hand moved over her papers and the muted peep of the kitten at the PBX was audible at moments, and the little click of the plugs going in and out. [1]

17.   phooey

His door closed on the pneumatic closer and made a sound like "phooey." [1]

18.   screech

Mingled with harsh high voices as of birds of prey, and the shrill neighing of horses wild with rage and fear, there came a rending screech, shivering, rising swiftly to a piercing pitch beyond the range of hearing. [6]

19.   thud

Iron wheels revolved there endlessly, and hammers thudded. [6]

Переносное значение звукоподражаний

20.   snore

21.   gutter

The tall, red, iron-clamped pump-beam rose and fell, and the pumps snored and guttered and shrieked as the first water poured out of the pipe. [5]

22.   jangling

The “two-circle” and the “circle-and-dot” brands caused endless jangling, while every whipsaw discovered a dozen claimants. [4]

23.   tremble

And in her eyes there was always a smiling light, just trembling on the verge of dawn. [4]

2.1.3 Звукоподражания, производимые человеком и животными

Прямое значение звукоподражаний

24.   hue

25.   cry

Even with the hundred thousand unfound, though they greatly coveted, the hue and cry went no further than that. [2]

26.   bark

"Whatcha want?" he barked. [1]

27.   laughter

28.   titter

Now to cause laughter to echo from those lavish jungles and frowing crags where formerly rang the cries of pirate's victims; to lay aside pike and cutlass and attack with quip and jollity; to draw one saving titter of mirth from the rusty casque of Romance – this were pleasant to do in the shade of the lemon-trees on that coast that is curved like lips set for smiling. [2]

29.   scream

The waves swished along the smooth beach; the parrots screamed in the orange and ceiba-trees; the palms waved their limber fronds foolishly like an awkward chorus at the prima donna's cue to enter. [2]

30.   shriek

A native boy dashed down a grass-grown street, shrieking:  “Busca el Senor Goodwin. Ha venido un telegrafo por el!” [2]

31.   carol

Knots of women with complexions varying from palest olive to deepest brown gathered at street corners and plaintively carolled: “Un telegrafo por Senor Goodwin!” [2]

32.   robustious

33.   clamor

34.   shout

When the meaning of the disturbance became clear to him he placed a hand beside his mouth and shouted:  "Hey! Frank!" in such a robustious voice that the feeble clamor of the natives was drowned and silenced. [2]

35.   growl

It, growling deeply – he would hear the growl in those lunatic seconds before it pounced on him and unzipped his guts. [3]

36.   bang

It banged gustily. [3]

37.   slam

The piano had come to a stop, and his mom's voice floated to him: “Georgie, can't you slam that door a little harder next time? Maybe you could break some of the plates in the Welsh dresser, if you really tried.” [3]

38.   snot

“W-What a fool you are, Juh-Georgie,” Bill said, amiably enough, and pushed back some of the sick-stuff on his night table: an empty glass, a pitcher of water, Kleenex, books, a bottle of Vicks VapoRub - the smell of which Bill would associate all his life with thick, phlegmy chests and snotty noses. [3]

39.   whisper

There followed a whispered conversation of the sort which means very little to anyone save small boys. [3]

40.   cough

Bill's laughter turned into a coughing fit. [3]

41.   yell

“No, no, no!” he yelled, dismayed. [3]

42.   cry out

Then one of his feet slipped and he went sprawling, skinning one knee and crying out in pain. [3]

43.   giggle

George giggled. “I guess so.” [3]

44.   croon

45.   chuckle

“They float,” the thing in the drain crooned in a clotted, chuckling voice. [3]

46.  applause

The long lame gaps in his plays he filled up with hasty words of apology and description and swept on, seeing all that he intended to do so clearly that he esteemed it already done, and turned to me for applause. [5]

47.   sigh

Then Charlie sighed and tugged his hair. [5]

48.   babble

But Charlie babbled on serenely, interrupting the current of pure fancy with samples of horrible sentences that he purposed to use. [5]

49.   sniff

An elderly gentleman called away from his lunch put an end to my search by holding the note-paper between finger and thumb and sniffing at it scornfully. [5]

50.   mutter

“Guess I'd be in a hurry myself,” he muttered, sympathetically, as he piloted her along the crowded deck. [4]

51.   proclaim

Everybody was in everybody else's way; nor was there one who failed to proclaim it at the top of his lungs. [4]

52.   rap

Mr. Thurston gripped tight hold of the gunwale, and as reward for his chivalry had his knuckles rapped sharply by the oar-blade. [4]

53.   plunk

Well, he drinks his whiskey, plunks down two horseshoe nails, and it's O.K. [4]

54.  murmur

“Oh, you'll do!” he murmured ecstatically, bending afresh to the oars. [4]

55.   buzz

When they reached the sand-spit, crowded with heterogeneous piles of merchandise and buzzing with men, she stopped long enough to shake hands with her ferryman. [4]

56.   utter

Just then Frona uttered a glad little cry and darted forward. [4]

57.   chatter

“Oh, you don't remember me!” she chattered. [4]

58.   ring

The widow rung a bell for supper, and you had to come to time. [7]

59.   grumble

When you got to the table you couldn't go right to eating, but you had to wait for the widow to tuck down her head and grumble a little over the victuals, though there warn't really anything the matter with them, – that is, nothing only everything was cooked by itself. [7]

60.   scrunch

Miss Watson would say, "Don't put your feet up there, Huckleberry;" and "Don't scrunch up like that, Huckleberry – set up straight;" and pretty soon she would say, “Don't gap and  stretch like that, Huckleberry – why don't you try to behave?” [7]

61.   who-whoo

The stars were shining, and the leaves rustled in the woods ever so mournful; and I heard an owl, away off, who-whooing about somebody that was dead, and a whippowill and a dog crying about somebody that was going to die; and the wind was trying to whisper something to me, and I couldn't make out what it was, and so it made the cold shivers run over me. [7]

62.   scratch

There was a place on my ankle that got to itching, but I dasn't scratch it; and then my ear begun to itch; and next my back, right between my shoulders. [7]

63.   snarl

The king snarls around on him and says: “I was trying to do for the best in sellin' 'em out so quick.  If the profits has turned out to be none, lackin' considable, and none to carry, is it my fault any more'n it's yourn?” [7]

64.   peep

Miss Fromsett's elegant hand moved over her papers and the muted peep of the kitten at the PBX was audible at moments, and the little click of the plugs going in and out. [1]

65.   snap

He clamped it in his paw and scowled down at it. “Who's M'Gee?” he snapped. [1]

66.   thump

People on bicycles wobbled cautiously over the highway and now and then an anxious-looking bird thumped past on a powerscooter. [1]

67.   neigh

Mingled with harsh high voices as of birds of prey, and the shrill neighing of horses wild with rage and fear, there came a rending screech, shivering, rising swiftly to a piercing pitch beyond the range of hearing. [6]

68.   flap

69.   stamp

“My very bones are chilled,” said Gimli, flapping his arms and stamping his feet. [6]

70.   snort

A horse snorted and reared. [6]

71.   splutter

“Ach! No!” he spluttered. “You try to choke poor Sméagol.” [6]

72.   chuckle

73.   croak

He seemed greatly delighted to feel the water, and chuckled to himself, sometimes even croaking in a sort of song. [6]

74.   hum

Sam was beaming and humming to himself, but when Frodo spoke he was at first content to listen, only occasionally venturing to make an exclamation of agreement. [6]

75.   howl

Borne upon the wind they heard the howling of wolves. [6]

Переносное значение звукоподражаний

76.   pound

Sir John Morgan, Lafitte and other eminent swashbucklers bombarded and pounded it in the name of Abaddon. [2]

77.   hiss

The comandante, Don Senor el Coronel Encarnacion Rios, who was loyal to the Ins and suspected Goodwin's devotion to the Outs, hissed:  "Aha!" and wrote in his secret memorandum book the accusive fact that Senor Goodwin had on that momentous date received a telegram. [2]

78.   crisp

79.   crackle

A man on the barge leaned over from above and baptized him with crisp and crackling oaths, while the whites and Indians in the canoe laughed derisively. [4]

80.   me-yow

Directly I could just barely hear a "me-yow! me-yow!" down there. [7]

81.  knock

From the yells and screeches that came from the knoll the hobbits guessed that their disappearance had been discovered: Uglúk was probably knocking off a few more heads. [6]

2.2 Анализ звукоподражаний

Результаты исследования показали, что из 81 ономатопа 12 употреблены в переносном значении. Проанализируем их и попытаемся понять, почему они были употреблены именно в переносном значении.

1.       rattle - трещать

Over his head, a grim gust of October wind rattled the trees, now almost completely unburdened of their freight of colored leaves by the storm, which had been this year a reaper of the most ruthless sort. [3]

Над его головой деревья трещали от мрачных порывов октябрьского ветра, сейчас почти полностью освобожденные бурей от груза разноцветных листьев, которая в этом году была беспощадным жнецом. [3]

2.       roar - реветь

The Dyea River as of old roared turbulently down to the sea; but its ancient banks were gored by the feet of many men, and these men labored in surging rows at the dripping tow-lines, and the deep-laden boats followed them as they fought their upward way. [4]

Река по-прежнему бурно ревела и текла к морю… [4]

3.       snore – храпеть

4.       shriek - визжать

The tall, red, iron-clamped pump-beam rose and fell, and the pumps snored and guttered and shrieked as the first water poured out of the pipe. [5]

Длинный, красный, обитый железом шланг насоса поднимался и падал, и насосы захрипели, и потекли, и завизжали, когда первая вода полилась из трубы. [5]

5.       jangle - звенеть

The “two-circle” and the “circle-and-dot” brands caused endless jangling, while every whipsaw discovered a dozen claimants. [4]

«Два круга» и «круг с точкой» клейма вызывали бесконечное позвякивание, когда каждая лучковая пила обнаруживала дюжину… [4]

6.       tremble - дрожать

And in her eyes there was always a smiling light, just trembling on the verge of dawn. [4]

В ее глазах всегда был улыбающийся свет, дрожь на краю рассвета.

Из данных примеров видно, что звукоподражания rattle, roar, snore, shriek, jangle и tremble были использованы в переносном значении для придания речи большей образности и метафоричности, т. к. сами предметы действий, повлекших за собой подобные звуки, производить не могут.

pound - бить

Sir John Morgan, Lafitte and other eminent swashbucklers bombarded and pounded it in the name of Abaddon. [2]

Сэр Джон Морган, Лафитт и другие знаменитый головорезы вбили это в имя Абаддона. [2]

knock

From the yells and screeches that came from the knoll the hobbits guessed that their disappearance had been discovered: Uglúk was probably knocking off a few more heads. [6]

Из криков и визгов, что доносились с бугра, хоббиты догадались, что их исчезновение обнаружилось: Углук, должно быть, снес несколько голов. [6]

В данных примерах звукоподражания были использованы не с целью описания звука, а совершенно в другом значении, несвойственном звукоподражаниям. Так, в первом примере наблюдается метафора «вбить» в значении «увековечить», а во втором глагол knock образовал фразовый глагол knock off со значением «снести». Это показывает, насколько широка область применения звукоподражаний.

hiss - шипеть

The comandante, Don Senor el Coronel Encarnacion Rios, who was loyal to the Ins and suspected Goodwin's devotion to the Outs, hissed:  "Aha!" and wrote in his secret memorandum book the accusative fact that Senor Goodwin had on that momentous date received a telegram. [2]

Командант, дон сеньор эль Коронель Энкарнасьон Рио, который был верен местным жителям и подозревал преданность Гудвина к пришельцам, прошипел: «Ага!» и написал в своей секретной записной книжке обличающий факт, что сеньор Гудвин получил в ту памятную дату телеграмму. [2]

me-yow - мяу

Directly I could just barely hear a "me-yow! me-yow!" down there. [7]

Я мог едва слышать «мяу! мяу!» там, внизу. [7]

crisp

crackle

A man on the barge leaned over from above and baptized him with crisp and crackling oaths, while the whites and Indians in the canoe laughed derisively. [4]

Человек на катере склонился сверху и крестил его сухим и трескающимся молитвой, пока белые и индейцы в каноэ насмехались. [4]

В этих примерах звукоподражания, несвойственные звукам, которые издает человек, были употреблены опять же для усиления образности и метафоричности, это придало тексту живость и эмоциональность наряду с образностью.

Общие результаты исследования таковы: из 81 звукоподражательной единицы 7 обозначают звуки природы (из них 2 с переносным значением), 16 – звуки, производимые различными предметами (из них 4 с переносным значением), и 58 – звуки, издаваемые человеком или животными (из них 6 с переносным значением). Итоги можно увидеть в таблице 1:

Таблица 1

Из таблицы видно, что наиболее употребительны звукоподражания, обозначающие звуки, издаваемые человеком и животными, употребленные в прямом значении.