Примечания

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[1] F.Braudel. On History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp.177-181, 212-214 and History of Civilizations (N.Y.:Allen Lane - Penguin Press), pp.4-5; G.W.Gong. The Standard of "Civilization" in International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), pp.81ff., 97-100; I.Wallerstein. Geopolitics and Geoculture: Essays on Changing World System (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp.160ff. and 215ff.; A.J.Toynbee. Study of History (L.: Oxford University Press, 12 vols., 1934-1961), X, 274-275 and Civilization on Trial (N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1948), p.24.

[2] F.Braudel. On History, p.205. Более развернутый обзор определений культуры и цивилизации (особенно немецких) см.: A.L.Kroeber and C.Kluckhohn. Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (Cambridge: Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Vol. XLVII, #1, 1952), passim, но особенно pp.15-29.

[3] А.D.Bozeman. Civilizations Under Stress. "Virginia Quarterly Review", 51 (Winter 1975), p.1.

[4] E.Durkheim and M.Mauss. Note on the Notion of Civilization. "Social Research", 38 (1971), p.811; F.Braudel. On History, pp.177, 202; M.Melko. Nature of Civilizations (Boston:Porter Sargent, 1969), p.8; I.Wallerstein. Geopolitics and Geoculture, p.215; Ch.Dawson. Dynamics of World History (LaSalle, IL: Sherwood Sugden Co., 1978), pp.51, 402; O.Spengler. Decline of the West (N.Y.: A.A.Knopf, 1926-1928), I, p.31. Интересно, что в International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (N.Y.: Macmillan and Free Press, ed. David L.Sills, 17 vols., 1968) нет специальных статей о "цивилизации" или "цивилизациях"; "концепция цивилизации" (в ед. ч.) рассматривается в подразделе "Урбанистическая революция", в то время как "цивилизации" (во мн. ч.) походя упоминаются в статье "Культура".

[5] Herodotus. The Persian Wars (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1972), pp.543-544.

[6] E.A.Tiryakian. Reflections on the Sociology of Civilizations. "Sociological Analysis", 35 (Summer 1974), p.125.

[7] A.J.Toynbee. Study of History, I, 455, цит. по: M.Melko, Nature of Civilizations, pp.8-9; и Braudel, On History, p.202.

[8] F.Braudel. History of Civilizations, p.35, и On History, pp.209-210.

[9] A.D.Bozeman. Strategic Intelligence and Statecraft: Selected Essays (Washington: Brassey's (US), 1992), p.26.

[10] C.Quigley. The Evolution of Civilizations: An Introduction to Historical Analysis (N.Y.: Macmilan, 1961), pp.146ff.; M.Melko. Nature of Civilizations, pp.l01ff. См.: D.C.Somervell. "Argument" in his abridgment of A.J.Toynbee. A Study of History, vols. I-VI (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946), pp.569ff.

[11] L.W.Pye. China: Erratic State, Frustrated Society, "Foreign Affairs", 69 (Fall 1990), p.58.

[12] See C.Quigley. Evolution of Civilizations, chap. 3, особенно pp.77, 84; M.Weber. The Social Psychology of the World Religions, в кн.: From M.Weber: Essays in Sociology (L.: Routledge, trans. and ed. H.H.Gerth and C.W.Mills, 1991), p.267; Ph.Bagby. Culture and History: Prolegomena to the Comparative Study of Civilizatios (L.:Longmans, Green, 1958), pp.165-174; O.Spengler. Decline of the West (N.Y.:Knopf, 1926-1928), II, pp.31ff; A.J.Toynbee. Study of History, I, 133; XII, pp.546-547; F.Braudel. History of Civilizations, passim; McNeill. The Rise of the West, passim; and Z.Rostovanyi. Clash of Civilizations and Cultures: Unity and Disunity of World Order. (Unpublished paper, 29.03.1993), pp.8-9.

[13] M.Melko. Nature of Civilizations, p.133.

[14] R.R.Palmer. Frederick the Great, Guibert, Bulow: From Dynastic to National War, в кн. P.Paret. ed., Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), p.119.

[15] E.Mortimer. Christianity and Islam. "International Affairs", 67 (Jan.1991), p.7.

[16] В связи с этой типологией ответов Западу почти неизбежно вспыхивают дискуссии о взаимовлияниях цивилизаций. См.: A.J.Toynbe. Study of History (L.: Oxford University Press, 1935-1961), II, pp.187ff., VIII, pp.152-153, 214; J.L.Esposito. The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality (N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp.53-62; D.Pipes. In the Path of God: Islam and Political Power (N.Y.: Basic Books, 1983), pp.105-142.

[17] D.Pipes. Path of God, p.349.

[18] W.Pfaff. Reflections: Economic Development. "New Yorker", 25.12.1978, p.47.

[19] D.Pipes. Path of God, pp.197-198.

[20] Ali Al-Amin Mazrui. Cultural Forces in World Politics (L.: James Currey, 1990), pp.4-5.

[21] J.L.Esposito. The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality (N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1992), p.55-62; and D.Pipes. Path of God, pp.114-120.

[22] R.C.Baum. Authority and Identity - The Invariance Hypothesis II. "Zeitschrift fuer Soziologie", 6 (Oct. 1977), pp.368-369. См. также: R.C.Baum. Authority Codes: The Invariance Hypothesis, "Zeitschrift fuer Soziologie", 6 (Jan. 1977), pp.5-28.

[23] See A.B.Bozeman. Civilizations Under Stress. "Virginia Quarterly Review", 51 (Winter 1975), p.5ff.; L.Frobenius. Paideuma: Umrisse einer Kultur- und Seelenlehre (Muenchen: C.H. Beck, 1921), pp.11ff; O.Spengler. The Decline of the West, II, p.57ff.

[24] A.B.Bozeman. Civilizations Under Stress, p.7.

[25] W.E.Naff. Reflections on the Question of 'East and West' from the Point of View of Japan. "Comparative Civilizations Review", 13/14 (Fall 1985 & Spring 1986), p.222.

[26] D.E.Apter. The Role of Traditionalism in the Political Modernization of Ghana and Uganda. "World Politics", 13 (Oct. 1960), pp.47-68.

[27] S.N.Eisenstadt. Transformation of Social, Political, and Cultural Orders in Modernization. "American Sociological Review", 30 (Oct. 1965), pp.659-673.

[28] D.Pipes. Path of God, pp.107, 191.

[29] F.Braudel. On History, pp.212-213.

[30] A.B.Bozeman. Strategic Intelligence and Statecraft, p.50; B.Buzan. New Patterns of Global Security in the Twenty-first Century, "International Affairs", 67 (July 1991), pp.448-449.

[31] J.L.Esposito. The Islamic Threat, p.46.

[32] B.Lewis. Islam and the West (N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1993), p.13.

[33] J.L.Esposito. Islamic Threat, p.44.

[34] D.Pipes. Path of God, pp.102-103, 169-173; L.F.Richardson. Statistics of Deadly Quarrels (Pittsburgh: Boxwood Press, 1960), pp.235-237.

[35] I.M.Lapidus. A History of Islamic Societies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp.41-42; Princess Anna Comnena, цит. по: K.Armstrong, Holy War: The Crusades and Their Impact on Today's World (N.Y.: Doubleday-Anchor, 1991), pp.3-4 и в кн.: A.J.Toynbee. Study of History, VIII, p.390.

[36] S.J.Blank. Challenging the New World Order: The Arms Transfer Policies of the Russian Republic (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, 1993), pp.53-60.

[37] "International Herald Tribune", 25.08.1995, p.5.

[38] J.M.Malik. India Copes with the Kremlin's Fall. "Orbis", 37 (Winter 1993), p.75.

[39] R.Holbrooke. America: A European Power. "Foreign Affairs", 74 (March/April 1995), p.49.

[40] M.Howard. America and the World (St. Louis: Washington University, the Annual Lewin Lecture, 5.04.1984), p.6.

[41] A.Schlesinger, Jr. Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society (N.Y.: W.W.Norton, 1992), p.127.

[42] В 90-ых годах эти интересы были сформулированы в "Defence Planning Guidace for the Fiscal Years 1994-1999", Draft, 18.01.1992; "New York Times", 8.03.1992, p.14.