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EPISTEMOLOGY
THEORY OF
KNOWLEDGE
BY THE SAME
AUTHOR
THE SCIENCE
OF LOGIC. An Inquiry into the
Principles
of Accurate Thought and Scientific
Method. 2
vols. Svo. Vol. I. Conception, Judg
ment, and
Inference. 75. 6<1. net. Vol. II.
Method,
Science, and Certitude. 7s. f>d. net.
ONTOLOGY,
or the Theory of Being. An Intro
duction to
General Metaphysics. 8vo, IDS. 6d. net.
HISTORY OF
MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY. By
M. DE
WUI.F, LL.D., Ph.D., D.Litt., Professor at
the
University of Louvain. Translated by P.
COFFEY,
Ph.D. 8vo, 105. 6d. net.
SCHOLASTICISM
OLD AND NEW. An Intro
duction to
Scholastic Philosophy, Medieval and
Modern. By
M. DE WULF. Translated by P.
COFFKY,
Ph.D. Svo, 6s. net.
LONGMANS,
GREEN AND CO.
LONDON, NEW
YORK, BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS
E P I S T E
M O L O G Y
OR THE
THEORY OF
KNOWLEDGE
AN
INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL METAPHYSICS
P. COFFEY,
PH.D. (LOUVAIN)
PROFESSOR
OF LOGIC AND METAPHYSICS, MAYNOOTH COLLEGE, IRELAND
IN TWO
VOLUMES
VOL. II
PART IV.
THE DATA OF INTELLECTUAL KNOWLEDGE ;
SENSE
PERCEPTION
PART V.
TRUTH AND CERTITUDE: THEIR CRITERIA
AND MOTIVES
LONGMANS,
GREEN AND CO.
39
PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
FOURTH
AVENUE & 30TH STREET, NEW YORK
BOMBAY,
CALCUTTA," AJ\ T D MADRAS
1917
CONTENTS OF
VOLUME II.
PART IV.
THE DATA OF
INTELLECTUAL KNOWLEDGE ; SENSE
PERCEPTION.
CHAPTER
XIII.
SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS
AND MEMORY.
PAGE
95.
Transition to Sense Perception. Terms and Distinctions ... i
96. Data,
Interpretations, and Implications of Consciousness ... 2
97. Truths
Revealed by Introspective Rational Analysis of the Data of
Consciousness
5
98. Memory,
Self-Identity, and Time Duration 10
99. Truths
Revealed by Introspective Rational Analysis of the Data of
Memory 12
100.
Consciousness of Self and Cognition of the External Universe . . 15
CHAPTER
XIV.
EXTRAMENTAL
REALITY. THE EXTERNAL UNIVERSE.
101.
Reality of the Cognitive Acts or States of the " Ego," compared with
Reality of
their Objects 19
102. Is the
Reality (" Esse ") of Conscious States Identical with their Ap
prehension
(" Percipi ")? ......... 21
103.
Alternative Methods of Justifying Spontaneous Belief in the Existence
of an External
Material Universe. (A) Transition Effected by Appeal
to the
Principle of Causality 24
104.
Criticism of First Alternative 26
105. (B)
Spontaneous Conviction of the Existence of an External Material
Universe
Rationally Justified by Intellectual Reflection on the
Nature and
Characteristics of External Sense Data . .31
CHAPTER XV.
VALIDITY OF
SENSE PERCEPTION : REAL EXISTENCE OF AN EXTERNAL, MATERIAL
UNIVERSE.
106. The
Facts of Sense Perception .."""." 37
107. Their
Psychological Explanation and their Significance for Epistemology 39
108. The
Problems and the Theories 41
vi TABLE OF
CONTENTS
PAGE
109. Direct
Vindication of Belief in the Real Existence of a Mind-Independent,
External,
Extended, Material Universe ...... 44
no.
Solution of the General "A Priori" Difficulty of Idealism against
this
Belief 46
ni.
Indirect Confirmation of this Belief by Appeal to the Principle of
Causality
51
CHAPTER
XVI.
PERCEPTION
OF SENSE QUALITIES.
112. Two
Realist Theories of Sense Perception 64
113. Their
Bearing on the Problem of its Validity 69
114.
Relation of "Proper" and "Common" Sensibles, of "
Sensibilia per
se"
and " Sensibilia per accidens," to Intellect .... 75
115.
Extramental Reality of the " Common" Sensibles, or "
Primary" Sense
Qualities,
Vindicated ......... 81
116.
Distinction of the Perceiver s Organism or Body from the External
Universe
............ 86
CHAPTER
XVII.
RELATIVITY
OF SENSE QUALITIES TO PERCEIVER.
117. Role
of Perceiver s Organism as Partial Determinant of "External"
Sense
Qualities .......... 89
118.
Relativity of External Sense Qualities to Perceiver s Organism. Sense
Illusions
and Deceptions. " Infallibility " of Perception . . . 91
ng.
Conditions of " Normal " and " Abnormal " Sense Perception
. . 95
120.
Epistemological Import of the Distinction ...... 97
121. The
Nature of External Sense Perception Involves Relativity of all Ex
ternal
Sense Qualities (including Concrete Externality itself) to
Perceiver s
Organism ......... 99
CHAPTER
XVIII.
EXTERNAL
REALITY OF ALL SENSE QUALITIES VINDICATED. " HYPERPHYSICAL
IDEALISM"
AND "PHYSICAL REALISM".
with
External Reality of Sense Qualities ...... 104
123.
Secondary Sense Qualities are no less Externally Real and no more De
pendent on
Perceiver for what they are Perceived to be, than Primary
Qualities.
Berkeley s Immaterialism 107
124.
Physical Science and the Sense Qualities. Presuppositions of Scientific
Theories.
Physical Realism 124
CHAPTER
XIX.
SUBJECTIVE
IDEALISM, INFERENTIAL REALISM, AND INTUITIVE REALISM.
125.
Idealism and the Sense Qualities : Abuse of " Inference by
Similarity"
from "
Representations " 139
126.
General Difficulties against Critical Perceptionism ..... 151
127. The
Main Difficulty 159
TABLE OF
CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER XX.
IDEALISM
AND THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN "APPEARANCE" AND "REALITY".
PAGE
128.
Analysis of the Distinction between what Things " Are" and what they
"
Appear " . 167
129. How
Kant derives Two " Things " from One " Appearing Thing " .
177
CHAPTER XXI.
KANT S
THEORY OF SENSE PERCEPTION, SPACE AND TIME.
130.
General View of Kant s Doctrine of Sense Perception .... 184
131. Kant s
Account of " Forms of Intuition " Confused and Ambiguous . 187
132. Space
not an " A Priori " Perception. Analysis of Kant s Arguments . 190
133. Space
not a Property of Mere Mental Appearances or Phenomena, but
of Material
Realities 196
134. Kant s
Doctrine of Time as an " A Priori " Form of " Internal "
Per
ception 202
PART V.
TRUTH AND
CERTITUDE : THEIR CRITERIA AND MOTIVES.
CHAPTER
XXII.
RETROSPECT.
RELATIVIST THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE.
135. The
Relativity of Knowledge. True and False Relativisms . . . 208
136.
Epistemological Significance of Distinction Between Sense and Intellect 212
137.
Validity of Concepts Reviewed 216
138. Truth
of Contingent Judgments Absolute 219
139. Truth
of Necessary Judgments Absolute 222
140. Some
Relativist Difficulties 225
141.
Scholasticism and Kantian Relativism . , 228
142. The
Evolutionary Form of Relativism 232
143. Truths
Overlooked or Perverted in the Evolutionary Theory . . . 235
144.
Criticism of the Theory 238
CHAPTER
XXIII.
TRUTH AND
EVIDENCE.
145.
Objectivity and Truth 245
146.
Definition of Truth 248
147. The
Objective Term of the Truth-Relation is Extramental, Real and
Attainable
251
148.
Criteria of Truth and Motives of Certitude 255
149.
Evidence as the Supreme Criterion of Truth and the Ultimate Motive
of
Certitude 261
150. Application
of the Doctrine to Mediate Evidence 263
151.
Application to Immediate Sense Evidence ...... 265
152.
Application to Immediate Evidence of Principles of the Ideal Order . 271
153. "
Testing " Evidence. Infallibility of Intellect 273
154.
Reflection Shows the Cogent Evidence for Spontaneous Assents to be
Sufficient
Evidence for Reasoned Certitude 277
viii TABLE
OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
XXIV.
OTHER
INTELLECTUALIST THEORIES OF CERTITUDE. TRADITIONALISM.
PAGE
155. Other
Tests. Spencer. Descartes. Circular Theories . . . 281
156.
Consistency as a Test of Truth. Relativist and Hegelian Conceptions
of Truth as
Consistency 284
157.
Fideism : Historical Causes ......... 290
158.
Exposition of Traditionalist Theories ....... 293
159.
General Criticism of Traditionalist Theories 298
160.
Examination of De Donald s Theory ....... 300
161. Theory
of De Lamennais Examined. General Assent as a Test of
Truth 303
162.
"Common Sense" as a Criterion: the Scottish School. Natural In
telligence
and Concrete Evidence ....... 307
163.
Modified Traditionalism. Its Soul of Truth. Traditionalism, Rational
ism, and
Catholic Teaching 311
CHAPTER
XXV.
ANTI-!NTELLECTUALIST
THEORIES. KANT S MORAL DOGMATISM. PRAGMATISM
AND
HUMANISM.
164. Some
Illustrations of Anti-Intellectualibt Theories ol Certitude. General
Argument
against Sentimentalist and Voluntarist Theories . . 318
165.
Voluntarist Objections. Misconception of Intellectualism . . . 322
166. Kant s
Moral Dogmatism of the Practical Reason. .... 326
167.
Critique of Moral Dogmatism. The " Categorical Imperative " and its
Implications
........... 330
iG8. The
Two Critiques Compared. Inconsistencies of Kant s System as a
Whole 336
169. Later
Anti-Intellectualist Theories: Social Dogmatism. Christian
Apologetics
344
170.
Outline of Pragmatism and Humanism ....... 353
171.
General Arguments against Pragmatism 357
172. The
Pragmatist Criterion Examined. Special Argument Outlined . 359
173.
Conclusion. Possibility and Sources of Error. The Problems of
Epistemology
........... 366
INDEX 373
PART IV.
THE DATA OF
INTELLECTUAL KNOWLEDGE ; SENSE
PERCEPTION.
CHAPTER
XIII.
SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS
AND MEMORY.
EPISTEMOLOGY
THEORY OF
KNOWLEDGE
BY THE SAME
AUTHOR
THE SCIENCE
OF LOGIC. An Inquiry into the
Principles
of Accurate Thought and Scientific
Method. 2
vols. Svo. Vol. I. Conception, Judg
ment, and
Inference. 75. 6<1. net. Vol. II.
Method,
Science, and Certitude. 7s. f>d. net.
ONTOLOGY,
or the Theory of Being. An Intro
duction to
General Metaphysics. 8vo, IDS. 6d. net.
HISTORY OF
MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY. By
M. DE
WUI.F, LL.D., Ph.D., D.Litt., Professor at
the
University of Louvain. Translated by P.
COFFEY,
Ph.D. 8vo, 105. 6d. net.
SCHOLASTICISM
OLD AND NEW. An Intro
duction to
Scholastic Philosophy, Medieval and
Modern. By
M. DE WULF. Translated by P.
COFFKY,
Ph.D. Svo, 6s. net.
LONGMANS,
GREEN AND CO.
LONDON, NEW
YORK, BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS
E P I S T E
M O L O G Y
OR THE
THEORY OF
KNOWLEDGE
AN
INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL METAPHYSICS
P. COFFEY,
PH.D. (LOUVAIN)
PROFESSOR
OF LOGIC AND METAPHYSICS, MAYNOOTH COLLEGE, IRELAND
IN TWO
VOLUMES
VOL. II
PART IV.
THE DATA OF INTELLECTUAL KNOWLEDGE ;
SENSE
PERCEPTION
PART V.
TRUTH AND CERTITUDE: THEIR CRITERIA
AND MOTIVES
LONGMANS,
GREEN AND CO.
39
PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
FOURTH
AVENUE & 30TH STREET, NEW YORK
BOMBAY,
CALCUTTA," AJ\ T D MADRAS
1917
CONTENTS OF
VOLUME II.
PART IV.
THE DATA OF
INTELLECTUAL KNOWLEDGE ; SENSE
PERCEPTION.
CHAPTER
XIII.
SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS
AND MEMORY.
PAGE
95.
Transition to Sense Perception. Terms and Distinctions ... i
96. Data,
Interpretations, and Implications of Consciousness ... 2
97. Truths
Revealed by Introspective Rational Analysis of the Data of
Consciousness
5
98. Memory,
Self-Identity, and Time Duration 10
99. Truths
Revealed by Introspective Rational Analysis of the Data of
Memory 12
100.
Consciousness of Self and Cognition of the External Universe . . 15
CHAPTER
XIV.
EXTRAMENTAL
REALITY. THE EXTERNAL UNIVERSE.
101.
Reality of the Cognitive Acts or States of the " Ego," compared with
Reality of
their Objects 19
102. Is the
Reality (" Esse ") of Conscious States Identical with their Ap
prehension
(" Percipi ")? ......... 21
103.
Alternative Methods of Justifying Spontaneous Belief in the Existence
of an External
Material Universe. (A) Transition Effected by Appeal
to the
Principle of Causality 24
104.
Criticism of First Alternative 26
105. (B)
Spontaneous Conviction of the Existence of an External Material
Universe
Rationally Justified by Intellectual Reflection on the
Nature and
Characteristics of External Sense Data . .31
CHAPTER XV.
VALIDITY OF
SENSE PERCEPTION : REAL EXISTENCE OF AN EXTERNAL, MATERIAL
UNIVERSE.
106. The
Facts of Sense Perception .."""." 37
107. Their
Psychological Explanation and their Significance for Epistemology 39
108. The
Problems and the Theories 41
vi TABLE OF
CONTENTS
PAGE
109. Direct
Vindication of Belief in the Real Existence of a Mind-Independent,
External,
Extended, Material Universe ...... 44
no.
Solution of the General "A Priori" Difficulty of Idealism against
this
Belief 46
ni.
Indirect Confirmation of this Belief by Appeal to the Principle of
Causality
51
CHAPTER
XVI.
PERCEPTION
OF SENSE QUALITIES.
112. Two
Realist Theories of Sense Perception 64
113. Their
Bearing on the Problem of its Validity 69
114.
Relation of "Proper" and "Common" Sensibles, of "
Sensibilia per
se"
and " Sensibilia per accidens," to Intellect .... 75
115.
Extramental Reality of the " Common" Sensibles, or "
Primary" Sense
Qualities,
Vindicated ......... 81
116.
Distinction of the Perceiver s Organism or Body from the External
Universe
............ 86
CHAPTER
XVII.
RELATIVITY
OF SENSE QUALITIES TO PERCEIVER.
117. Role
of Perceiver s Organism as Partial Determinant of "External"
Sense
Qualities .......... 89
118.
Relativity of External Sense Qualities to Perceiver s Organism. Sense
Illusions
and Deceptions. " Infallibility " of Perception . . . 91
ng.
Conditions of " Normal " and " Abnormal " Sense Perception
. . 95
120.
Epistemological Import of the Distinction ...... 97
121. The
Nature of External Sense Perception Involves Relativity of all Ex
ternal
Sense Qualities (including Concrete Externality itself) to
Perceiver s
Organism ......... 99
CHAPTER
XVIII.
EXTERNAL
REALITY OF ALL SENSE QUALITIES VINDICATED. " HYPERPHYSICAL
IDEALISM"
AND "PHYSICAL REALISM".
with
External Reality of Sense Qualities ...... 104
123.
Secondary Sense Qualities are no less Externally Real and no more De
pendent on
Perceiver for what they are Perceived to be, than Primary
Qualities.
Berkeley s Immaterialism 107
124.
Physical Science and the Sense Qualities. Presuppositions of Scientific
Theories.
Physical Realism 124
CHAPTER
XIX.
SUBJECTIVE
IDEALISM, INFERENTIAL REALISM, AND INTUITIVE REALISM.
125.
Idealism and the Sense Qualities : Abuse of " Inference by
Similarity"
from "
Representations " 139
126.
General Difficulties against Critical Perceptionism ..... 151
127. The
Main Difficulty 159
TABLE OF
CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER XX.
IDEALISM
AND THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN "APPEARANCE" AND "REALITY".
PAGE
128.
Analysis of the Distinction between what Things " Are" and what they
"
Appear " . 167
129. How
Kant derives Two " Things " from One " Appearing Thing " .
177
CHAPTER XXI.
KANT S
THEORY OF SENSE PERCEPTION, SPACE AND TIME.
130.
General View of Kant s Doctrine of Sense Perception .... 184
131. Kant s
Account of " Forms of Intuition " Confused and Ambiguous . 187
132. Space
not an " A Priori " Perception. Analysis of Kant s Arguments . 190
133. Space
not a Property of Mere Mental Appearances or Phenomena, but
of Material
Realities 196
134. Kant s
Doctrine of Time as an " A Priori " Form of " Internal "
Per
ception 202
PART V.
TRUTH AND
CERTITUDE : THEIR CRITERIA AND MOTIVES.
CHAPTER
XXII.
RETROSPECT.
RELATIVIST THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE.
135. The
Relativity of Knowledge. True and False Relativisms . . . 208
136.
Epistemological Significance of Distinction Between Sense and Intellect 212
137.
Validity of Concepts Reviewed 216
138. Truth
of Contingent Judgments Absolute 219
139. Truth
of Necessary Judgments Absolute 222
140. Some
Relativist Difficulties 225
141.
Scholasticism and Kantian Relativism . , 228
142. The
Evolutionary Form of Relativism 232
143. Truths
Overlooked or Perverted in the Evolutionary Theory . . . 235
144.
Criticism of the Theory 238
CHAPTER
XXIII.
TRUTH AND
EVIDENCE.
145.
Objectivity and Truth 245
146.
Definition of Truth 248
147. The
Objective Term of the Truth-Relation is Extramental, Real and
Attainable
251
148.
Criteria of Truth and Motives of Certitude 255
149.
Evidence as the Supreme Criterion of Truth and the Ultimate Motive
of
Certitude 261
150. Application
of the Doctrine to Mediate Evidence 263
151.
Application to Immediate Sense Evidence ...... 265
152.
Application to Immediate Evidence of Principles of the Ideal Order . 271
153. "
Testing " Evidence. Infallibility of Intellect 273
154.
Reflection Shows the Cogent Evidence for Spontaneous Assents to be
Sufficient
Evidence for Reasoned Certitude 277
viii TABLE
OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
XXIV.
OTHER
INTELLECTUALIST THEORIES OF CERTITUDE. TRADITIONALISM.
PAGE
155. Other
Tests. Spencer. Descartes. Circular Theories . . . 281
156.
Consistency as a Test of Truth. Relativist and Hegelian Conceptions
of Truth as
Consistency 284
157.
Fideism : Historical Causes ......... 290
158.
Exposition of Traditionalist Theories ....... 293
159.
General Criticism of Traditionalist Theories 298
160.
Examination of De Donald s Theory ....... 300
161. Theory
of De Lamennais Examined. General Assent as a Test of
Truth 303
162.
"Common Sense" as a Criterion: the Scottish School. Natural In
telligence
and Concrete Evidence ....... 307
163.
Modified Traditionalism. Its Soul of Truth. Traditionalism, Rational
ism, and
Catholic Teaching 311
CHAPTER
XXV.
ANTI-!NTELLECTUALIST
THEORIES. KANT S MORAL DOGMATISM. PRAGMATISM
AND
HUMANISM.
164. Some
Illustrations of Anti-Intellectualibt Theories ol Certitude. General
Argument
against Sentimentalist and Voluntarist Theories . . 318
165.
Voluntarist Objections. Misconception of Intellectualism . . . 322
166. Kant s
Moral Dogmatism of the Practical Reason. .... 326
167.
Critique of Moral Dogmatism. The " Categorical Imperative " and its
Implications
........... 330
iG8. The
Two Critiques Compared. Inconsistencies of Kant s System as a
Whole 336
169. Later
Anti-Intellectualist Theories: Social Dogmatism. Christian
Apologetics
344
170.
Outline of Pragmatism and Humanism ....... 353
171.
General Arguments against Pragmatism 357
172. The
Pragmatist Criterion Examined. Special Argument Outlined . 359
173.
Conclusion. Possibility and Sources of Error. The Problems of
Epistemology
........... 366
INDEX 373
PART IV.
THE DATA OF
INTELLECTUAL KNOWLEDGE ; SENSE
PERCEPTION.
CHAPTER
XIII.
SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS
AND MEMORY.