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EPISTEMOLOGY

 

THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE

 

BY THE SAME AUTHOR

 

THE SCIENCE OF LOGIC. An Inquiry into the

Principles of Accurate Thought and Scientific

Method. 2 vols. Svo. Vol. I. Conception, Judg

ment, and Inference. 75. 6<1. net. Vol. II.

Method, Science, and Certitude. 7s. f>d. net.

 

ONTOLOGY, or the Theory of Being. An Intro

duction to General Metaphysics. 8vo, IDS. 6d. net.

 

HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY. By

M. DE WUI.F, LL.D., Ph.D., D.Litt., Professor at

the University of Louvain. Translated by P.

COFFEY, Ph.D. 8vo, 105. 6d. net.

 

SCHOLASTICISM OLD AND NEW. An Intro

duction to Scholastic Philosophy, Medieval and

Modern. By M. DE WULF. Translated by P.

COFFKY, Ph.D. Svo, 6s. net.

 

LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.

 

LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS

 

E P I S T E M O L O G Y

 

OR THE

 

THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE

 

AN INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL METAPHYSICS

 

P. COFFEY, PH.D. (LOUVAIN)

 

PROFESSOR OF LOGIC AND METAPHYSICS, MAYNOOTH COLLEGE, IRELAND

 

IN TWO VOLUMES

VOL. II

 

PART IV. THE DATA OF INTELLECTUAL KNOWLEDGE ;

SENSE PERCEPTION

 

PART V. TRUTH AND CERTITUDE: THEIR CRITERIA

AND MOTIVES

 

LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.

 

39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON

 

FOURTH AVENUE & 30TH STREET, NEW YORK

 

BOMBAY, CALCUTTA," AJ\ T D MADRAS

 

1917

 

CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.

 

PART IV.

 

THE DATA OF INTELLECTUAL KNOWLEDGE ; SENSE

PERCEPTION.

 

CHAPTER XIII.

SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS AND MEMORY.

 

PAGE

 

95. Transition to Sense Perception. Terms and Distinctions ... i

 

96. Data, Interpretations, and Implications of Consciousness ... 2

 

97. Truths Revealed by Introspective Rational Analysis of the Data of

 

Consciousness 5

 

98. Memory, Self-Identity, and Time Duration 10

 

99. Truths Revealed by Introspective Rational Analysis of the Data of

 

Memory 12

 

100. Consciousness of Self and Cognition of the External Universe . . 15

 

CHAPTER XIV.

 

EXTRAMENTAL REALITY. THE EXTERNAL UNIVERSE.

 

101. Reality of the Cognitive Acts or States of the " Ego," compared with

 

Reality of their Objects 19

 

102. Is the Reality (" Esse ") of Conscious States Identical with their Ap

 

prehension (" Percipi ")? ......... 21

 

103. Alternative Methods of Justifying Spontaneous Belief in the Existence

 

of an External Material Universe. (A) Transition Effected by Appeal

 

to the Principle of Causality 24

 

104. Criticism of First Alternative 26

 

105. (B) Spontaneous Conviction of the Existence of an External Material

 

Universe Rationally Justified by Intellectual Reflection on the

Nature and Characteristics of External Sense Data . .31

 

CHAPTER XV.

 

VALIDITY OF SENSE PERCEPTION : REAL EXISTENCE OF AN EXTERNAL, MATERIAL

 

UNIVERSE.

 

106. The Facts of Sense Perception .."""." 37

 

107. Their Psychological Explanation and their Significance for Epistemology 39

 

108. The Problems and the Theories 41

 

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

PAGE

 

109. Direct Vindication of Belief in the Real Existence of a Mind-Independent,

 

External, Extended, Material Universe ...... 44

 

no. Solution of the General "A Priori" Difficulty of Idealism against this

 

Belief 46

 

ni. Indirect Confirmation of this Belief by Appeal to the Principle of

 

Causality 51

 

CHAPTER XVI.

PERCEPTION OF SENSE QUALITIES.

 

112. Two Realist Theories of Sense Perception 64

 

113. Their Bearing on the Problem of its Validity 69

 

114. Relation of "Proper" and "Common" Sensibles, of " Sensibilia per

 

se" and " Sensibilia per accidens," to Intellect .... 75

 

115. Extramental Reality of the " Common" Sensibles, or " Primary" Sense

 

Qualities, Vindicated ......... 81

 

116. Distinction of the Perceiver s Organism or Body from the External

 

Universe ............ 86

 

CHAPTER XVII.

RELATIVITY OF SENSE QUALITIES TO PERCEIVER.

 

117. Role of Perceiver s Organism as Partial Determinant of "External"

 

Sense Qualities .......... 89

 

118. Relativity of External Sense Qualities to Perceiver s Organism. Sense

 

Illusions and Deceptions. " Infallibility " of Perception . . . 91

 

ng. Conditions of " Normal " and " Abnormal " Sense Perception . . 95

 

120. Epistemological Import of the Distinction ...... 97

 

121. The Nature of External Sense Perception Involves Relativity of all Ex

 

ternal Sense Qualities (including Concrete Externality itself) to

Perceiver s Organism ......... 99

 

CHAPTER XVIII.

 

EXTERNAL REALITY OF ALL SENSE QUALITIES VINDICATED. " HYPERPHYSICAL

IDEALISM" AND "PHYSICAL REALISM".

 

122. In Normal Conditions of Perception Organic Relativity is Compatible

 

with External Reality of Sense Qualities ...... 104

 

123. Secondary Sense Qualities are no less Externally Real and no more De

 

pendent on Perceiver for what they are Perceived to be, than Primary

Qualities. Berkeley s Immaterialism 107

 

124. Physical Science and the Sense Qualities. Presuppositions of Scientific

 

Theories. Physical Realism 124

 

CHAPTER XIX.

SUBJECTIVE IDEALISM, INFERENTIAL REALISM, AND INTUITIVE REALISM.

 

125. Idealism and the Sense Qualities : Abuse of " Inference by Similarity"

 

from " Representations " 139

 

126. General Difficulties against Critical Perceptionism ..... 151

 

127. The Main Difficulty 159

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

 

CHAPTER XX.

IDEALISM AND THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN "APPEARANCE" AND "REALITY".

 

PAGE

 

128. Analysis of the Distinction between what Things " Are" and what they

 

" Appear " . 167

 

129. How Kant derives Two " Things " from One " Appearing Thing " . 177

 

CHAPTER XXI.

KANT S THEORY OF SENSE PERCEPTION, SPACE AND TIME.

 

130. General View of Kant s Doctrine of Sense Perception .... 184

 

131. Kant s Account of " Forms of Intuition " Confused and Ambiguous . 187

 

132. Space not an " A Priori " Perception. Analysis of Kant s Arguments . 190

 

133. Space not a Property of Mere Mental Appearances or Phenomena, but

 

of Material Realities 196

 

134. Kant s Doctrine of Time as an " A Priori " Form of " Internal " Per

 

ception 202

 

PART V.

TRUTH AND CERTITUDE : THEIR CRITERIA AND MOTIVES.

 

CHAPTER XXII.

RETROSPECT. RELATIVIST THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE.

 

135. The Relativity of Knowledge. True and False Relativisms . . . 208

 

136. Epistemological Significance of Distinction Between Sense and Intellect 212

 

137. Validity of Concepts Reviewed 216

 

138. Truth of Contingent Judgments Absolute 219

 

139. Truth of Necessary Judgments Absolute 222

 

140. Some Relativist Difficulties 225

 

141. Scholasticism and Kantian Relativism . , 228

 

142. The Evolutionary Form of Relativism 232

 

143. Truths Overlooked or Perverted in the Evolutionary Theory . . . 235

 

144. Criticism of the Theory 238

 

CHAPTER XXIII.

TRUTH AND EVIDENCE.

 

145. Objectivity and Truth 245

 

146. Definition of Truth 248

 

147. The Objective Term of the Truth-Relation is Extramental, Real and

 

Attainable 251

 

148. Criteria of Truth and Motives of Certitude 255

 

149. Evidence as the Supreme Criterion of Truth and the Ultimate Motive

 

of Certitude 261

 

150. Application of the Doctrine to Mediate Evidence 263

 

151. Application to Immediate Sense Evidence ...... 265

 

152. Application to Immediate Evidence of Principles of the Ideal Order . 271

 

153. " Testing " Evidence. Infallibility of Intellect 273

 

154. Reflection Shows the Cogent Evidence for Spontaneous Assents to be

 

Sufficient Evidence for Reasoned Certitude 277

 

viii TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER XXIV.

OTHER INTELLECTUALIST THEORIES OF CERTITUDE. TRADITIONALISM.

 

PAGE

 

155. Other Tests. Spencer. Descartes. Circular Theories . . . 281

 

156. Consistency as a Test of Truth. Relativist and Hegelian Conceptions

 

of Truth as Consistency 284

 

157. Fideism : Historical Causes ......... 290

 

158. Exposition of Traditionalist Theories ....... 293

 

159. General Criticism of Traditionalist Theories 298

 

160. Examination of De Donald s Theory ....... 300

 

161. Theory of De Lamennais Examined. General Assent as a Test of

 

Truth 303

 

162. "Common Sense" as a Criterion: the Scottish School. Natural In

 

telligence and Concrete Evidence ....... 307

 

163. Modified Traditionalism. Its Soul of Truth. Traditionalism, Rational

 

ism, and Catholic Teaching 311

 

CHAPTER XXV.

 

ANTI-!NTELLECTUALIST THEORIES. KANT S MORAL DOGMATISM. PRAGMATISM

 

AND HUMANISM.

 

164. Some Illustrations of Anti-Intellectualibt Theories ol Certitude. General

 

Argument against Sentimentalist and Voluntarist Theories . . 318

 

165. Voluntarist Objections. Misconception of Intellectualism . . . 322

 

166. Kant s Moral Dogmatism of the Practical Reason. .... 326

 

167. Critique of Moral Dogmatism. The " Categorical Imperative " and its

 

Implications ........... 330

 

iG8. The Two Critiques Compared. Inconsistencies of Kant s System as a

 

Whole 336

 

169. Later Anti-Intellectualist Theories: Social Dogmatism. Christian

 

Apologetics 344

 

170. Outline of Pragmatism and Humanism ....... 353

 

171. General Arguments against Pragmatism 357

 

172. The Pragmatist Criterion Examined. Special Argument Outlined . 359

 

173. Conclusion. Possibility and Sources of Error. The Problems of

 

Epistemology ........... 366

 

INDEX 373

 

PART IV.

 

THE DATA OF INTELLECTUAL KNOWLEDGE ; SENSE

PERCEPTION.

 

CHAPTER XIII.

SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS AND MEMORY.

 

EPISTEMOLOGY

 

THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE

 

BY THE SAME AUTHOR

 

THE SCIENCE OF LOGIC. An Inquiry into the

Principles of Accurate Thought and Scientific

Method. 2 vols. Svo. Vol. I. Conception, Judg

ment, and Inference. 75. 6<1. net. Vol. II.

Method, Science, and Certitude. 7s. f>d. net.

 

ONTOLOGY, or the Theory of Being. An Intro

duction to General Metaphysics. 8vo, IDS. 6d. net.

 

HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY. By

M. DE WUI.F, LL.D., Ph.D., D.Litt., Professor at

the University of Louvain. Translated by P.

COFFEY, Ph.D. 8vo, 105. 6d. net.

 

SCHOLASTICISM OLD AND NEW. An Intro

duction to Scholastic Philosophy, Medieval and

Modern. By M. DE WULF. Translated by P.

COFFKY, Ph.D. Svo, 6s. net.

 

LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.

 

LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS

 

E P I S T E M O L O G Y

 

OR THE

 

THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE

 

AN INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL METAPHYSICS

 

P. COFFEY, PH.D. (LOUVAIN)

 

PROFESSOR OF LOGIC AND METAPHYSICS, MAYNOOTH COLLEGE, IRELAND

 

IN TWO VOLUMES

VOL. II

 

PART IV. THE DATA OF INTELLECTUAL KNOWLEDGE ;

SENSE PERCEPTION

 

PART V. TRUTH AND CERTITUDE: THEIR CRITERIA

AND MOTIVES

 

LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.

 

39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON

 

FOURTH AVENUE & 30TH STREET, NEW YORK

 

BOMBAY, CALCUTTA," AJ\ T D MADRAS

 

1917

 

CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.

 

PART IV.

 

THE DATA OF INTELLECTUAL KNOWLEDGE ; SENSE

PERCEPTION.

 

CHAPTER XIII.

SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS AND MEMORY.

 

PAGE

 

95. Transition to Sense Perception. Terms and Distinctions ... i

 

96. Data, Interpretations, and Implications of Consciousness ... 2

 

97. Truths Revealed by Introspective Rational Analysis of the Data of

 

Consciousness 5

 

98. Memory, Self-Identity, and Time Duration 10

 

99. Truths Revealed by Introspective Rational Analysis of the Data of

 

Memory 12

 

100. Consciousness of Self and Cognition of the External Universe . . 15

 

CHAPTER XIV.

 

EXTRAMENTAL REALITY. THE EXTERNAL UNIVERSE.

 

101. Reality of the Cognitive Acts or States of the " Ego," compared with

 

Reality of their Objects 19

 

102. Is the Reality (" Esse ") of Conscious States Identical with their Ap

 

prehension (" Percipi ")? ......... 21

 

103. Alternative Methods of Justifying Spontaneous Belief in the Existence

 

of an External Material Universe. (A) Transition Effected by Appeal

 

to the Principle of Causality 24

 

104. Criticism of First Alternative 26

 

105. (B) Spontaneous Conviction of the Existence of an External Material

 

Universe Rationally Justified by Intellectual Reflection on the

Nature and Characteristics of External Sense Data . .31

 

CHAPTER XV.

 

VALIDITY OF SENSE PERCEPTION : REAL EXISTENCE OF AN EXTERNAL, MATERIAL

 

UNIVERSE.

 

106. The Facts of Sense Perception .."""." 37

 

107. Their Psychological Explanation and their Significance for Epistemology 39

 

108. The Problems and the Theories 41

 

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

PAGE

 

109. Direct Vindication of Belief in the Real Existence of a Mind-Independent,

 

External, Extended, Material Universe ...... 44

 

no. Solution of the General "A Priori" Difficulty of Idealism against this

 

Belief 46

 

ni. Indirect Confirmation of this Belief by Appeal to the Principle of

 

Causality 51

 

CHAPTER XVI.

PERCEPTION OF SENSE QUALITIES.

 

112. Two Realist Theories of Sense Perception 64

 

113. Their Bearing on the Problem of its Validity 69

 

114. Relation of "Proper" and "Common" Sensibles, of " Sensibilia per

 

se" and " Sensibilia per accidens," to Intellect .... 75

 

115. Extramental Reality of the " Common" Sensibles, or " Primary" Sense

 

Qualities, Vindicated ......... 81

 

116. Distinction of the Perceiver s Organism or Body from the External

 

Universe ............ 86

 

CHAPTER XVII.

RELATIVITY OF SENSE QUALITIES TO PERCEIVER.

 

117. Role of Perceiver s Organism as Partial Determinant of "External"

 

Sense Qualities .......... 89

 

118. Relativity of External Sense Qualities to Perceiver s Organism. Sense

 

Illusions and Deceptions. " Infallibility " of Perception . . . 91

 

ng. Conditions of " Normal " and " Abnormal " Sense Perception . . 95

 

120. Epistemological Import of the Distinction ...... 97

 

121. The Nature of External Sense Perception Involves Relativity of all Ex

 

ternal Sense Qualities (including Concrete Externality itself) to

Perceiver s Organism ......... 99

 

CHAPTER XVIII.

 

EXTERNAL REALITY OF ALL SENSE QUALITIES VINDICATED. " HYPERPHYSICAL

IDEALISM" AND "PHYSICAL REALISM".

 

122. In Normal Conditions of Perception Organic Relativity is Compatible

 

with External Reality of Sense Qualities ...... 104

 

123. Secondary Sense Qualities are no less Externally Real and no more De

 

pendent on Perceiver for what they are Perceived to be, than Primary

Qualities. Berkeley s Immaterialism 107

 

124. Physical Science and the Sense Qualities. Presuppositions of Scientific

 

Theories. Physical Realism 124

 

CHAPTER XIX.

SUBJECTIVE IDEALISM, INFERENTIAL REALISM, AND INTUITIVE REALISM.

 

125. Idealism and the Sense Qualities : Abuse of " Inference by Similarity"

 

from " Representations " 139

 

126. General Difficulties against Critical Perceptionism ..... 151

 

127. The Main Difficulty 159

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

 

CHAPTER XX.

IDEALISM AND THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN "APPEARANCE" AND "REALITY".

 

PAGE

 

128. Analysis of the Distinction between what Things " Are" and what they

 

" Appear " . 167

 

129. How Kant derives Two " Things " from One " Appearing Thing " . 177

 

CHAPTER XXI.

KANT S THEORY OF SENSE PERCEPTION, SPACE AND TIME.

 

130. General View of Kant s Doctrine of Sense Perception .... 184

 

131. Kant s Account of " Forms of Intuition " Confused and Ambiguous . 187

 

132. Space not an " A Priori " Perception. Analysis of Kant s Arguments . 190

 

133. Space not a Property of Mere Mental Appearances or Phenomena, but

 

of Material Realities 196

 

134. Kant s Doctrine of Time as an " A Priori " Form of " Internal " Per

 

ception 202

 

PART V.

TRUTH AND CERTITUDE : THEIR CRITERIA AND MOTIVES.

 

CHAPTER XXII.

RETROSPECT. RELATIVIST THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE.

 

135. The Relativity of Knowledge. True and False Relativisms . . . 208

 

136. Epistemological Significance of Distinction Between Sense and Intellect 212

 

137. Validity of Concepts Reviewed 216

 

138. Truth of Contingent Judgments Absolute 219

 

139. Truth of Necessary Judgments Absolute 222

 

140. Some Relativist Difficulties 225

 

141. Scholasticism and Kantian Relativism . , 228

 

142. The Evolutionary Form of Relativism 232

 

143. Truths Overlooked or Perverted in the Evolutionary Theory . . . 235

 

144. Criticism of the Theory 238

 

CHAPTER XXIII.

TRUTH AND EVIDENCE.

 

145. Objectivity and Truth 245

 

146. Definition of Truth 248

 

147. The Objective Term of the Truth-Relation is Extramental, Real and

 

Attainable 251

 

148. Criteria of Truth and Motives of Certitude 255

 

149. Evidence as the Supreme Criterion of Truth and the Ultimate Motive

 

of Certitude 261

 

150. Application of the Doctrine to Mediate Evidence 263

 

151. Application to Immediate Sense Evidence ...... 265

 

152. Application to Immediate Evidence of Principles of the Ideal Order . 271

 

153. " Testing " Evidence. Infallibility of Intellect 273

 

154. Reflection Shows the Cogent Evidence for Spontaneous Assents to be

 

Sufficient Evidence for Reasoned Certitude 277

 

viii TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER XXIV.

OTHER INTELLECTUALIST THEORIES OF CERTITUDE. TRADITIONALISM.

 

PAGE

 

155. Other Tests. Spencer. Descartes. Circular Theories . . . 281

 

156. Consistency as a Test of Truth. Relativist and Hegelian Conceptions

 

of Truth as Consistency 284

 

157. Fideism : Historical Causes ......... 290

 

158. Exposition of Traditionalist Theories ....... 293

 

159. General Criticism of Traditionalist Theories 298

 

160. Examination of De Donald s Theory ....... 300

 

161. Theory of De Lamennais Examined. General Assent as a Test of

 

Truth 303

 

162. "Common Sense" as a Criterion: the Scottish School. Natural In

 

telligence and Concrete Evidence ....... 307

 

163. Modified Traditionalism. Its Soul of Truth. Traditionalism, Rational

 

ism, and Catholic Teaching 311

 

CHAPTER XXV.

 

ANTI-!NTELLECTUALIST THEORIES. KANT S MORAL DOGMATISM. PRAGMATISM

 

AND HUMANISM.

 

164. Some Illustrations of Anti-Intellectualibt Theories ol Certitude. General

 

Argument against Sentimentalist and Voluntarist Theories . . 318

 

165. Voluntarist Objections. Misconception of Intellectualism . . . 322

 

166. Kant s Moral Dogmatism of the Practical Reason. .... 326

 

167. Critique of Moral Dogmatism. The " Categorical Imperative " and its

 

Implications ........... 330

 

iG8. The Two Critiques Compared. Inconsistencies of Kant s System as a

 

Whole 336

 

169. Later Anti-Intellectualist Theories: Social Dogmatism. Christian

 

Apologetics 344

 

170. Outline of Pragmatism and Humanism ....... 353

 

171. General Arguments against Pragmatism 357

 

172. The Pragmatist Criterion Examined. Special Argument Outlined . 359

 

173. Conclusion. Possibility and Sources of Error. The Problems of

 

Epistemology ........... 366

 

INDEX 373

 

PART IV.

 

THE DATA OF INTELLECTUAL KNOWLEDGE ; SENSE

PERCEPTION.

 

CHAPTER XIII.

SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS AND MEMORY.