PSYCHICAL ANTECEDENT OF SCIENCE 173

actually recurs to memory really relates to a past recognized

as such ; that they should feel and express emotions, but

not know they possess them ; that they should seek what

pleases them, but not aim at pleasure knowingly, or know

that the pleasure they feel is pleasurable. By the exercise

of such merely sensitive faculties, brutes can pursue an

escaping prey, jump up banks or rocks, climb to attain

what is otherwise out of reach, raise up a dam, as does

the beaver, or make use of a stone to crack a hard nut,

as does the American sapajou ape. Actions such as these

are performed to complete a harmony which the imagination

craves, owing to associations, previously effected between

groups of feelings and emotions, and groups of groups of

such. A cat does not need to entertain any intellectual

knowledge or belief that the sound of clattering plates

means possible food, to attain which it must make certain

movements. Quite independently of such belief, and by

virtue of mere sensuous association, the sound of the plates

is alone enough to give rise to such movements on the

part of the cat as have previously become associated

with pleasant sensations of taste. Let certain sensations,

emotions, and movements become associated, and then the

former need not be noted; they only need to exist for the

association formed to produce its effects. When the circum-

stances of any case differ from those of some previous

experiences, but imperfectly resemble those of many past

experiences, parts of these, and consequent actions, are

irregularly suggested by the laws of resemblance, until such

action is hit on which relieves pain or gives pleasure. For

instance, let a dog be lost by its master in a field in which

it has never been before. The presence of a group of

feelings which we know to indicate its master is associated

with pleasure, while the absence of those feelings gives pain.

By past experience an association has been formed betwee

actually recurs to memory really relates to a past recognized

as such ; that they should feel and express emotions, but

not know they possess them ; that they should seek what

pleases them, but not aim at pleasure knowingly, or know

that the pleasure they feel is pleasurable. By the exercise

of such merely sensitive faculties, brutes can pursue an

escaping prey, jump up banks or rocks, climb to attain

what is otherwise out of reach, raise up a dam, as does

the beaver, or make use of a stone to crack a hard nut,

as does the American sapajou ape. Actions such as these

are performed to complete a harmony which the imagination

craves, owing to associations, previously effected between

groups of feelings and emotions, and groups of groups of

such. A cat does not need to entertain any intellectual

knowledge or belief that the sound of clattering plates

means possible food, to attain which it must make certain

movements. Quite independently of such belief, and by

virtue of mere sensuous association, the sound of the plates

is alone enough to give rise to such movements on the

part of the cat as have previously become associated

with pleasant sensations of taste. Let certain sensations,

emotions, and movements become associated, and then the

former need not be noted; they only need to exist for the

association formed to produce its effects. When the circum-

stances of any case differ from those of some previous

experiences, but imperfectly resemble those of many past

experiences, parts of these, and consequent actions, are

irregularly suggested by the laws of resemblance, until such

action is hit on which relieves pain or gives pleasure. For

instance, let a dog be lost by its master in a field in which

it has never been before. The presence of a group of

feelings which we know to indicate its master is associated

with pleasure, while the absence of those feelings gives pain.

By past experience an association has been formed betwee