24 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE

sciences need, for their comprehension, abstract ideas, the

most abstract sciences have need of the concrete. Thus

Psychology cannot be fully investigated and understood

without some comprehension of our organic frame and its

multitudinous activities. But our body is the subject of

Anatomy (including Histology) and its activities, or Physio-

logy, while neither human Anatomy nor Physiology can be

adequately comprehended if dealt with alone. For such

adequate comprehension the aid of Comparative Anatomy (or

Morphology) and Comparative Physiology which contrast

man's form and functions with those of animals and plants

are needed, and these cannot be made use of without

some acquaintance with Zoology and Botany. But, again,

the creatures about which the last-named two sciences are

concerned, must be studied with respect to extinct as well as

existing species (Palaeontology), and to know that requires

a knowledge of the world's past history (Geology), and this

cannot be fully understood without regard to the earth as a

member of the Solar System and of the Sidereal Universe,

and so we are led to Astronomy.

We have hitherto passed over (simply because everything

cannot be mentioned at the same time) the study of

Mechanics and of the physical energies gravitation, heat,

light, sound, chemical change, electricity, and magnetism ;

but every one of these sciences is intimately connected with

what concerns the inorganic as well as the whole organic

world. Nor can that study which relates to the origin and

evolution of the world (the only theatre actually known to

us of all the sciences) be said to have no claim to be itself

primary and fundamental. But the whole universe has been

revealed to us by human study alone, and human activity is

the cause of the existence of all our sciences, on which

account Anthropology, the science of man, must be allowed

in its turn some claim to be considered fundamental. Now

sciences need, for their comprehension, abstract ideas, the

most abstract sciences have need of the concrete. Thus

Psychology cannot be fully investigated and understood

without some comprehension of our organic frame and its

multitudinous activities. But our body is the subject of

Anatomy (including Histology) and its activities, or Physio-

logy, while neither human Anatomy nor Physiology can be

adequately comprehended if dealt with alone. For such

adequate comprehension the aid of Comparative Anatomy (or

Morphology) and Comparative Physiology which contrast

man's form and functions with those of animals and plants

are needed, and these cannot be made use of without

some acquaintance with Zoology and Botany. But, again,

the creatures about which the last-named two sciences are

concerned, must be studied with respect to extinct as well as

existing species (Palaeontology), and to know that requires

a knowledge of the world's past history (Geology), and this

cannot be fully understood without regard to the earth as a

member of the Solar System and of the Sidereal Universe,

and so we are led to Astronomy.

We have hitherto passed over (simply because everything

cannot be mentioned at the same time) the study of

Mechanics and of the physical energies gravitation, heat,

light, sound, chemical change, electricity, and magnetism ;

but every one of these sciences is intimately connected with

what concerns the inorganic as well as the whole organic

world. Nor can that study which relates to the origin and

evolution of the world (the only theatre actually known to

us of all the sciences) be said to have no claim to be itself

primary and fundamental. But the whole universe has been

revealed to us by human study alone, and human activity is

the cause of the existence of all our sciences, on which

account Anthropology, the science of man, must be allowed

in its turn some claim to be considered fundamental. Now