AN ENUMERATION OF THE SCIENCES 31

whole, in the science of living things, as Biology. Living

things being classed in the two great, so-called kingdoms

of Plants and Animals, it is accordingly, as everyone knows,

divided into the sciences of Botany and Zoology. But

every animal and plant has to be considered according to its

form and structure on the one hand, and according to the

activities of all its component parts. Those activities are

treated of by Physiology. Structure may be considered in its

larger division as existing in one or many species (Anatomy'},

or in its microscopic division the structure of the component

"tissues" of the organism (Histology} The structure of

the various kinds may be studied in reference to many or

all others, simply as to matters of fact, or with the aim of

discovering general laws of structure (Morphology). Yet

another science investigates the modes in which each

species and group of animals or plants is developed from

its germs (Embryology, Development, and Ontogeny}, and

the mode in which it may be conjectured to have been

derived from antecedent species (Phytogeny). But living

creatures have to be considered with respect to the relations

they severally bear to space (Biological Geography}, as also

to past time, which brings us once more to Palaeontology.

A special science, which has been termed Hexicology* is,

moreover, devoted to a study of the relations which exist

between organisms and their environment as regards the

nature of the localities they frequent, the temperatures and

amounts of light which suit them, and their relations to other

organisms as enemies, rivals, or accidental and involuntary

benefactors.

Finally, as resuming and uniting all the sciences which

deal with the various bodies which compose the universe,

comes the science of the material universe considered as

one whole namely, the science of Cosmolog}'.

* ?is. Habit, state, or condition.

whole, in the science of living things, as Biology. Living

things being classed in the two great, so-called kingdoms

of Plants and Animals, it is accordingly, as everyone knows,

divided into the sciences of Botany and Zoology. But

every animal and plant has to be considered according to its

form and structure on the one hand, and according to the

activities of all its component parts. Those activities are

treated of by Physiology. Structure may be considered in its

larger division as existing in one or many species (Anatomy'},

or in its microscopic division the structure of the component

"tissues" of the organism (Histology} The structure of

the various kinds may be studied in reference to many or

all others, simply as to matters of fact, or with the aim of

discovering general laws of structure (Morphology). Yet

another science investigates the modes in which each

species and group of animals or plants is developed from

its germs (Embryology, Development, and Ontogeny}, and

the mode in which it may be conjectured to have been

derived from antecedent species (Phytogeny). But living

creatures have to be considered with respect to the relations

they severally bear to space (Biological Geography}, as also

to past time, which brings us once more to Palaeontology.

A special science, which has been termed Hexicology* is,

moreover, devoted to a study of the relations which exist

between organisms and their environment as regards the

nature of the localities they frequent, the temperatures and

amounts of light which suit them, and their relations to other

organisms as enemies, rivals, or accidental and involuntary

benefactors.

Finally, as resuming and uniting all the sciences which

deal with the various bodies which compose the universe,

comes the science of the material universe considered as

one whole namely, the science of Cosmolog}'.

* ?is. Habit, state, or condition.