32 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE

After these sciences, acquaintance with which is necessary

for a complete knowledge of man, may follow that science

which concerns him specially and directly namely, Anthro-

pology. This science studies the various physical conditions

needful for human existence, as the various subdivisions of

Biology investigate the conditions necessary for the life of

other organisms also. Such are the studies of human

anatomy and of the lower activities, i.e., human physiology.

But since man has powers and characteristics which other

organisms do not possess, additional sciences are devoted

to the study of such additional facts. Thus Ethnology

occupies itself with the various races into which mankind

is divided, while Philology examines the languages they

speak, and History describes their successive appearances and

disappearances, their aggregations into tribes and nations,

their migrations, wars, and the series of events which have

taken place, their form of government, and the actions both

of their rulers and of the classes they ruled over. The

study of the various conditions which have been, or which

now exist, or which might be beneficial or hurtful to

the race, is known by the awkward term Sociology. The

science of Politics deals with the various kinds of civil

aggregations in which men do or may exist, with the

probable or certain benefits and defects of each. Man's

conceptions of right and wrong and the relations which

thence arise between each individual and other human

beings standing to him in a multitude of different relations,

constitute the science of Ethics, while ethical relations have

been supposed to extend to some various real or imagined

superhuman intelligences, so constituting Religion.

In connexion with these latter sciences comes the study

of man's lower and higher mental powers, together with the

probable psychical powers of lower organisms, namely, the

study of Psychology, closely connected with which are Logic

After these sciences, acquaintance with which is necessary

for a complete knowledge of man, may follow that science

which concerns him specially and directly namely, Anthro-

pology. This science studies the various physical conditions

needful for human existence, as the various subdivisions of

Biology investigate the conditions necessary for the life of

other organisms also. Such are the studies of human

anatomy and of the lower activities, i.e., human physiology.

But since man has powers and characteristics which other

organisms do not possess, additional sciences are devoted

to the study of such additional facts. Thus Ethnology

occupies itself with the various races into which mankind

is divided, while Philology examines the languages they

speak, and History describes their successive appearances and

disappearances, their aggregations into tribes and nations,

their migrations, wars, and the series of events which have

taken place, their form of government, and the actions both

of their rulers and of the classes they ruled over. The

study of the various conditions which have been, or which

now exist, or which might be beneficial or hurtful to

the race, is known by the awkward term Sociology. The

science of Politics deals with the various kinds of civil

aggregations in which men do or may exist, with the

probable or certain benefits and defects of each. Man's

conceptions of right and wrong and the relations which

thence arise between each individual and other human

beings standing to him in a multitude of different relations,

constitute the science of Ethics, while ethical relations have

been supposed to extend to some various real or imagined

superhuman intelligences, so constituting Religion.

In connexion with these latter sciences comes the study

of man's lower and higher mental powers, together with the

probable psychical powers of lower organisms, namely, the

study of Psychology, closely connected with which are Logic