LANGUAGE AND SCIENCE 191

late sounds are intellectual, because they depend on the

propositions referred to having been understood, and are used

to show that such is the case and what is the nature of the

judgment which may have been formed about them.

(2) Sounds which are both rational and articulate, such as

are used in conversation, and which constitute speech or vocal

language proper.

(3) Gestures which give external expression to internal

rational conceptions, and therefore are "external," though

not "oral," manifestations of abstract thought. One special

manual expression of such abstract thought is writing or the

making of any pictorial signs.

Thus the essence of language as ordinarily understood

language used for the communication of ideas is an in-

tellectual activity. This is necessarily mental, and the root

of speech is therefore the " mental word," or verbum mentale.

The natural result or consequence of this is the external ex-

pression, or speech the "spoken word," or verbum oris. This

is the normal consequence, but it can be replaced by gesture

or bodily expression to verbum corporis sed non oris.

It is evident that a man may be dumb and yet possess

the mental word, though he is accidentally hindered from

giving it expression by the spoken word ; but he can still

do so by gestures or writing the verbum corporis as

long as he is not paralyzed. Should he become so, he

would be deprived of all means of external expression,

while he might, nevertheless, still be in possession of the

verbum mentale.

Xow we believe that all the external signs of which mere

animals are capable are explicable as forms of the lower

of the two categories of human language the language

of emotion. We are also convinced that many forms of

external expression to which human beings, incapable of

speech, are reduced to make use, are fully and truly as

late sounds are intellectual, because they depend on the

propositions referred to having been understood, and are used

to show that such is the case and what is the nature of the

judgment which may have been formed about them.

(2) Sounds which are both rational and articulate, such as

are used in conversation, and which constitute speech or vocal

language proper.

(3) Gestures which give external expression to internal

rational conceptions, and therefore are "external," though

not "oral," manifestations of abstract thought. One special

manual expression of such abstract thought is writing or the

making of any pictorial signs.

Thus the essence of language as ordinarily understood

language used for the communication of ideas is an in-

tellectual activity. This is necessarily mental, and the root

of speech is therefore the " mental word," or verbum mentale.

The natural result or consequence of this is the external ex-

pression, or speech the "spoken word," or verbum oris. This

is the normal consequence, but it can be replaced by gesture

or bodily expression to verbum corporis sed non oris.

It is evident that a man may be dumb and yet possess

the mental word, though he is accidentally hindered from

giving it expression by the spoken word ; but he can still

do so by gestures or writing the verbum corporis as

long as he is not paralyzed. Should he become so, he

would be deprived of all means of external expression,

while he might, nevertheless, still be in possession of the

verbum mentale.

Xow we believe that all the external signs of which mere

animals are capable are explicable as forms of the lower

of the two categories of human language the language

of emotion. We are also convinced that many forms of

external expression to which human beings, incapable of

speech, are reduced to make use, are fully and truly as